Worms in Chernobyl Show Remarkable Resilience to Radiation

Hello and welcome to Saturday’s STEAM newsletter.

In today’s edition:

• Science - 'Self-Healing' Glass Reverses Defects with Gamma Radiation, New Process Uses Light and Enzymes to Create Greener Chemicals, and more.

• Technology and AI - Robot Peels Squash with Human-Like Dexterity.

• Engineering - Twisted Carbon Nanotubes Could Enhance Energy Storage More Than Lithium-Ion Batteries, and more.

• Astronomy & Space - Genetically Enhanced Humans: The Future of Space Travel?, and more.

• Health & Medicine - 3D-Printed Blood Vessels Could Revolutionize Heart Disease Treatment, Study Reveals Major Disparities in Stroke Services Across the US, and more.

• Environment - Nanotechnology to Save Mangroves from Deadly Disease, and more.

• Nature - Worms in Chernobyl Show Remarkable Resilience to Radiation, New Insights into Fly Behavior May Improve Robotics and Public Safety, and more.

• Industry - Senators Urge FTC to Investigate Automakers' Sale of Driving Data, Apple Joins White House AI Risk Management Initiative.

• World - Oil Leaking from Sunken Philippine Tanker, and more.

Until Tomorrow,

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

'Self-Healing' Glass Reverses Defects with Gamma Radiation: Researchers from the University of Central Florida have discovered that certain chalcogenide glasses can self-heal microscopic defects when exposed to gamma radiation. This property could be beneficial for applications in extreme environments, such as space or radioactive facilities, where materials are subject to high radiation levels. The self-healing ability results from the relaxation and reformation of weak bonds in the glass structure over time at room temperature.

New Process Uses Light and Enzymes to Create Greener Chemicals: Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have developed a groundbreaking method combining light and enzymes to incorporate fluorine into olefins, creating high-value chemicals more efficiently and environmentally friendly. This photoenzymatic process allows precise fluorine addition, enhancing the effectiveness and stability of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and renewable fuels. This innovation supports sustainable chemical production, aligning with the goals of reducing environmental impact and reliance on fossil fuels.

Researchers Discover New Ice Formation Mechanism: Scientists at the University of Tokyo have identified a novel form of ice, called ice 0, which plays a critical role in the formation of ice crystals. This new mechanism shows that ice formation begins near the surface of water through structures resembling ice 0, resolving long-standing questions about ice nucleation. This discovery has implications for climate studies, food sciences, and various technologies involving water crystallization.

Folded Peptides Exhibit Higher Electrical Conductivity: A study from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign reveals that peptides with a folded structure conduct electricity better than their unfolded counterparts. This research, combining single-molecule experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum mechanics, shows that the folded secondary structure, specifically the 3_{10} helix, enhances electron transport. This discovery could lead to the development of more efficient molecular electronic devices and a deeper understanding of electron transport in complex biomolecules.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

Robot Peels Squash with Human-Like Dexterity: A robot developed by Dexterity Inc. demonstrates remarkable dexterity by peeling a squash with precision similar to human capabilities. This advancement stems from the integration of sophisticated algorithms that mimic human hand movements, allowing the robot to handle and manipulate objects with high accuracy. This technology aims to revolutionize industries by performing complex manual tasks that require adaptability and precision, thus enhancing efficiency in sectors like food processing and manufacturing.

ENGINEERING

Twisted Carbon Nanotubes Could Enhance Energy Storage More Than Lithium-Ion Batteries: Researchers from the University of Maryland Baltimore County have demonstrated that twisted carbon nanotubes can store three times more energy per unit mass than advanced lithium-ion batteries. These nanotube ropes, created by twisting single-walled carbon nanotubes, offer a lightweight, compact, and safer energy storage solution, potentially revolutionizing energy storage in medical implants, sensors, and other devices.

Advancing High-Frequency Wireless Telecommunications with Polyimides: Researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology have explored the use of polyimides (PIs) for high-frequency wireless telecommunications, specifically targeting 5G and 6G technologies. These materials, known for their excellent thermal stability and mechanical toughness, could mitigate issues like signal attenuation and interference at high frequencies. The study, published in Applied Physics Letters, measured the dielectric properties of various PIs, finding that those with higher fluorine content exhibited lower dielectric constants and dissipation factors, indicating their potential for improving telecommunications.

ASTRONOMY & SPACE

Genetically Enhanced Humans: The Future of Space Travel?: Researchers are exploring genetic modifications to help astronauts endure the harsh conditions of space travel. These enhancements could involve using genes from resilient organisms like tardigrades to boost radiation resistance or employing CRISPR-Cas9 to modify genes linked to disease resistance and aging. Such innovations aim to address challenges like high radiation levels and microgravity during long-duration missions. However, these modifications raise ethical concerns, particularly regarding permanent changes to the human genome. Extensive research and ethical considerations are required before these techniques can be applied to humans.

Aerospace Materials Resilient to Fungi and Bacteria: Researchers at the University of Houston have developed novel aerospace materials resistant to fungi and bacteria, aiming to reduce microbial degradation in aircraft and spacecraft. These materials incorporate antimicrobial agents that prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms, enhancing durability and safety. The study addresses the challenge of maintaining material integrity in extreme environments, potentially extending the lifespan of aerospace components and reducing maintenance costs.

Spacecraft to Swing by Earth, Moon on Path to Jupiter: The European Space Agency's Juice probe will perform a gravity-assisted flyby of Earth and the Moon on August 19-20, 2024, as part of its journey to Jupiter. Launched in April 2023, the probe will use these gravitational boosts to save fuel on its eight-year voyage. The mission aims to explore Jupiter's icy moons—Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa—for signs of extraterrestrial life. The spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in July 2031.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

3D-Printed Blood Vessels Could Revolutionize Heart Disease Treatment: Researchers at the University of Edinburgh have developed 3D-printed artificial blood vessels that mimic the properties of human veins. These gel-like, flexible tubes could improve outcomes for heart bypass surgery by reducing complications associated with human and synthetic veins. The vessels, made using extrusion printing and electrospinning techniques, show promise in initial tests and will be further studied in animal and human trials. This innovation could significantly enhance cardiovascular disease treatments.

Study Reveals Major Disparities in Stroke Services Across the US: A study by UC San Francisco highlights significant disparities in stroke services across the US. Hospitals in low-income communities are 20-42% less likely to have stroke center certification compared to those in affluent areas, leading to reduced access to life-saving treatment. The research, published in JAMA Network Open, suggests that supporting hospitals in disadvantaged areas could improve stroke care equity and outcomes.

Artificial Sweeteners May Harm Gut Bacteria: Research from Anglia Ruskin University indicates that common artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin, sucralose, and aspartame, can make healthy gut bacteria pathogenic. The study, published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, found that these sweeteners increased the adhesion and invasion of bacteria like E. coli and E. faecalis into the gut wall, potentially leading to infections and other health issues. This discovery raises concerns about the widespread use of artificial sweeteners in food and drink products.

Biomarker Could Predict Chemotherapy Benefit in Colon Cancer Patients: Researchers at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine have identified a 10-gene biomarker that may predict whether stage II and III colon cancer patients will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. This discovery could enable personalized treatment plans, ensuring that only patients likely to benefit receive chemotherapy, potentially improving outcomes and reducing unnecessary treatments. The study also suggests the gene signature might help determine the effectiveness of immunotherapy for certain patients.

ENVIRONMENT

Nanotechnology to Save Mangroves from Deadly Disease: Researchers at the University of Central Florida have developed a nano-treatment using magnesium and sulfur nanoparticles to combat a fungal disease affecting mangroves in Florida. This disease, caused by pathogens like Curvularia and Pestalotiopsis, weakens and kills mangroves. The nano-treatment, named "Mag Sun" (MgSuN), has shown up to 95% growth inhibition of the fungi in lab tests and is being tested in mangrove nurseries. This treatment aims to protect these vital coastal ecosystems.

Study Suggests Non-Farming Sources for Glyphosate in European Rivers: Researchers at the University of Tübingen found that most glyphosate in European rivers likely originates from household products like detergents rather than agricultural herbicides. Their meta-analysis showed consistent glyphosate levels in wastewater treatment plants, indicating aminopolyphosphonates in detergents might convert to glyphosate. This challenges the assumption that farming is the primary source and suggests a need to rethink pollution control strategies.

Advanced Solutions for Tackling Plastic Pollution: Researchers are exploring innovative methods to address the global issue of plastic pollution. One approach involves enhancing recycling technologies to process a wider range of plastics more efficiently, thus reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. Another promising solution is the development of biodegradable plastics that can decompose naturally without harming the environment. Additionally, scientists are harnessing enzymes capable of breaking down plastics at a much faster rate than traditional methods. Policy measures and public awareness campaigns are also crucial in reducing plastic use and encouraging proper disposal. Large-scale cleanup efforts, particularly in oceans and rivers, aim to remove existing plastic waste, further mitigating environmental impact.

Surveys Reveal Vast Mangrove Forests in the Great Barrier Reef: Recent surveys by scientists have discovered extensive mangrove forests within the Great Barrier Reef. These mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection, carbon storage, and supporting biodiversity. The findings underscore the importance of conserving these ecosystems, which face threats from climate change and human activities.

NATURE

Worms in Chernobyl Show Remarkable Resilience to Radiation: Researchers have found that nematodes living in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone exhibit remarkable resilience to high levels of radiation. Despite the intense radiation, these worms show no significant genetic damage, unlike other animals in the area that have undergone physical and genetic changes. This discovery suggests that the worms may have evolved robust DNA repair mechanisms, providing valuable insights for cancer research and DNA protection strategies. The study was led by New York University and highlights the potential for understanding how to protect human DNA from radiation and carcinogens.

New Insights into Fly Behavior May Improve Robotics and Public Safety: Researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno have discovered that flies assess wind conditions and adapt their search strategies for food sources accordingly. This behavior includes the "sink and circle" movement in still air and the "cast and surge" in windy conditions. These findings could enhance algorithms for scent-detecting drones used in locating chemical leaks, providing a new approach to public safety applications.

Two Shark Species Documented in Puget Sound for the First Time: Researchers from Oregon State University have confirmed the presence of two shark species, the broadnose sevengill and the critically endangered soupfin shark, in Puget Sound, part of the Salish Sea. This discovery indicates potential changes in the ecosystem of this important waterway. The findings, published in Frontiers in Marine Science, highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and research to understand the ecological roles of these species and their relationships with other marine life, including salmon.

Wild Fungi Can Accelerate Tree Growth: A study published by New Scientist reports that introducing wild fungi into soil can significantly boost the growth rate of trees. The research focused on a loblolly pine plantation in Georgia, where scientists planted fungi and other microbes from intact forests. These fungi form symbiotic relationships with tree roots, enhancing nutrient absorption and promoting faster, healthier growth. This method not only supports tree development but also increases carbon storage, offering a potential strategy for combating climate change.

Climate Is the Most Important Factor in Mammal Habitats, Study Finds: A study by North Carolina State University reveals that climate, including temperature and rainfall, is the primary factor determining where mammals live, outweighing human impacts. The research, which analyzed data from 25 mammal species across the U.S., found that while human activities like urbanization and agriculture also influence mammal distribution, climate conditions are more significant. This understanding can help predict how climate change will affect wildlife populations.

INDUSTRY

Senators Urge FTC to Investigate Automakers' Sale of Driving Data: Senators Ron Wyden and Edward Markey are calling on the Federal Trade Commission to investigate General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda for selling customers' driving data to brokers, which is then sold to insurance companies. The senators allege deceptive practices in obtaining customer consent and highlight the potential misuse of data to increase insurance rates. They demand accountability for possible legal violations.

Apple Joins White House AI Risk Management Initiative: Apple has signed a voluntary agreement with the White House to manage AI risks, joining other major tech companies in promoting AI safety. This initiative aims to establish ethical guidelines and standards for AI development, addressing potential dangers and ensuring responsible innovation. The agreement reflects broader efforts to regulate AI technologies amid growing concerns about their societal impact.

WORLD

Oil Leaking from Sunken Philippine Tanker: The Philippine Coast Guard has reported an oil leak from the sunken tanker MT Terra Nova, which sank in Manila Bay, potentially causing an environmental catastrophe. The vessel, carrying 1.4 million liters of industrial fuel oil, started leaking after sinking in bad weather, killing one crew member. The oil slick now stretches up to 14 kilometers, posing a significant threat to local fisheries and tourism. Efforts to contain and siphon the oil are underway.

Toyota to Build EV Battery Plant in Fukuoka: Toyota Motor Corporation plans to construct an electric vehicle (EV) battery plant in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. This initiative aligns with the company's strategy to expand its EV production capabilities and meet the growing demand for electric vehicles. The new plant will enhance Toyota's battery supply chain, supporting its broader goal of achieving carbon neutrality.

Sweden: The Next Frontier in Winemaking: Sweden is emerging as a new frontier in winemaking, thanks to advancements in grape varieties that thrive in colder climates. Vineyards such as the Selaon and Thora are pioneering this industry, producing wines like Solaris and Pinot Noir. The country's liberalization of alcohol sales regulations is expected to further boost the industry. With around 50 commercial vineyards now operating, Sweden's winemaking potential is growing, offering unique opportunities and challenges in this traditionally warmer-climate activity.