Symbiotic Bacteria Help Sponges Store Toxic Molybdenum to Deter Predators

Hello and welcome to Tuesday’s STEAM newsletter.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Extraterrestrial Chemistry Could Unlock New Earthbound Innovations, and more.

• Technology and AI - Smartwatches Vulnerable to Hacks: Study Reveals Risks to Personal Data, and more.

• Engineering - Portable Water Harvester Developed by Korean Researchers Draws Drinkable Water from Air, and more.

• Astronomy & Space - Supercomputer Simulations Reveal Source of X-ray Radiation from Black Holes, and more.

• Health & Medicine - Deadly Sea Snail Toxin Offers Blueprint for Diabetes and Hormone Disorder Treatments, and more.

• Environment - Rising Demand for High-Quality Credits Challenges Voluntary Carbon Markets, and more.

• Nature -Symbiotic Bacteria Help Sponges Store Toxic Molybdenum to Deter Predators, Newly Discovered Tarantula Species Already Facing Extinction Risk, and more.

• Industry - Tesla to Face Lower EU Tariffs on China-Made EVs Amid Trade Disputes, and more.

• World - EU Intensifies Crackdown on Big Tech One Year After New Laws Take Effect, and more.

Until Tomorrow.

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Extraterrestrial Chemistry Could Unlock New Earthbound Innovations: Research into extraterrestrial chemistry, inspired by conditions on other planets and in space, could lead to groundbreaking innovations on Earth. By studying chemical reactions under extreme conditions, scientists hope to develop new materials, catalysts, and processes that are more efficient and sustainable. These insights could address challenges in energy production, environmental protection, and beyond, potentially transforming industries with solutions that mimic or adapt extraterrestrial phenomena.

AI Enhances Protein Motion Prediction by Understanding "Frustration" in Folding: Researchers at Rice University have developed a new method to improve the prediction of protein movements using artificial intelligence (AI). By focusing on "energetic frustration"—areas where protein folding is less stable—they enhanced the AlphaFold2 model, enabling it to predict not only static structures but also dynamic movements of proteins. This advancement is crucial for understanding protein functions and designing new drugs.

Advanced Materials Could Enhance Durability of Fusion Reactor Metals: Researchers at MIT are exploring advanced materials to improve the durability of metals used in fusion power reactors. Fusion reactors generate high-energy neutrons that cause significant damage to reactor walls, leading to challenges in maintaining structural integrity. A major issue is the accumulation of helium atoms within the metal, which weakens the material. The study highlights the potential of novel materials to address these challenges, making fusion energy more feasible.

Physicists Achieve Key Observation of Kibble–Zurek Scaling in Fermi Superfluid: Researchers at Seoul National University successfully observed Kibble–Zurek (KZ) scaling in an atomic Fermi superfluid, marking a significant breakthrough in understanding non-equilibrium phase transitions. Using a highly controlled environment, they demonstrated the scaling law predicted by the KZ mechanism, which relates to the formation of quantum vortices during the superfluid phase transition. This observation opens doors for deeper experimental exploration of quantum phase transitions.

Study Reveals Female-Dominated Asexual Reproduction in Amazonian Algae: Researchers have discovered that certain Amazonian algae populations are primarily female and reproduce asexually, challenging previous assumptions about their reproductive strategies. This finding provides new insights into the adaptation mechanisms of these algae in the Amazon River, where environmental conditions may favor asexual reproduction and influence population dynamics.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

Smartwatches Vulnerable to Hacks: Study Reveals Risks to Personal Data: A study by Charles Darwin University demonstrates that smartwatches using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology can be easily hacked, exposing users to significant risks. Hackers can access and manipulate sensitive data, including location, medical readings, and personal information, potentially leading to identity theft, financial fraud, and other security breaches. The study highlights the urgent need for manufacturers to enhance security measures to protect users from these vulnerabilities.

AI Assistant Enhances Teamwork Efficiency Across Diverse Scenarios: MIT researchers have developed an AI assistant designed to improve teamwork by monitoring and guiding both human and AI team members. This system, which uses a "theory of mind" model, can infer plans and intentions, intervening when necessary to align roles and tasks. The AI assistant is particularly effective in high-stakes environments like search-and-rescue missions, surgeries, and collaborative video games, ensuring smoother and more efficient team coordination.

Virtual Driving Instructor Proven as Effective as Human Instructors in New Study: Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have developed an AI-based driving instructor that is as effective as human instructors in assessing learner drivers. The system, tested in a simulator with real drivers, offers objective, bias-free feedback in real-time, covering various driving scenarios. This innovative approach could lead to safer driving practices and potentially reduce the cost of driving lessons.

Study Debunks Fears of AI as an Existential Threat to Humanity: A new study by researchers from the University of Bath and the Technical University of Darmstadt concludes that AI, specifically large language models (LLMs), poses no existential threat to humanity. The research shows that these models cannot independently acquire new skills or develop complex reasoning abilities, making them predictable and controllable. While they can be misused, the study argues that concerns over AI's potential dangers are overstated.

Researchers Uncover Critical Vulnerabilities in Long-Used RADIUS Security Protocol: Computer scientists from the University of California, San Diego, and collaborators have discovered significant vulnerabilities in the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol, widely used in enterprise and telecommunications networks. The vulnerability, dubbed "Blast-RADIUS," allows attackers to potentially gain administrative control over networked devices. Despite its age and widespread use, RADIUS had never undergone thorough security analysis until now. The researchers have coordinated with over 90 vendors to release patches addressing the issue.

ENGINEERING

Portable Water Harvester Developed by Korean Researchers Draws Drinkable Water from Air: Korean researchers at the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) have developed a portable moisture-harvesting system capable of extracting water from air. This system, using advanced adsorption and condensation techniques, can produce drinkable water and is highly efficient compared to conventional methods. The technology is intended for use in remote areas, military operations, and survival situations, with plans for commercialization in various forms, including portable and large-capacity products.

Scalable Woven Actuators Open New Possibilities in Robotics: Researchers have developed scalable woven actuators that offer new possibilities in the field of robotics. These actuators, made from lightweight, flexible materials, can be used to create more adaptable and efficient robotic systems. The woven structure allows for precise control of movement and force, making them suitable for a variety of applications, from wearable devices to industrial automation. This innovation represents a significant step forward in the development of advanced robotic technologies.

Machine Learning Enhances Prediction of Lithium-Metal Battery Lifespan: Researchers at the National Institute for Materials Science and SoftBank have developed a machine learning model that accurately predicts the cycle lives of high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries. This model analyzes charge, discharge, and voltage data without relying on assumptions about battery degradation. The technology is expected to significantly improve the safety and reliability of lithium-metal batteries, which are crucial for various applications, including electric vehicles and energy storage.

Enhancing Electric Grid Reliability with AI and Machine Learning: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are leveraging machine learning to optimize the electric grid's operations. These advanced technologies predict potential grid issues and provide proactive solutions, aiming to improve overall reliability and efficiency. Despite their potential, there is hesitation among utilities to fully adopt these tools due to concerns about their reliability and impact on customers.

Australia Integrates Solar Batteries into Warehouses and Data Centers: Australia is increasingly incorporating solar batteries into warehouses and data centers to enhance energy efficiency and reduce reliance on the grid. This trend, driven by advancements in battery technology and growing energy demands, allows these facilities to store surplus solar power and use it during peak times or outages. The integration helps lower energy costs and contributes to Australia's renewable energy goals.

ASTRONOMY & SPACE

Supercomputer Simulations Reveal Source of X-ray Radiation from Black Holes: Researchers at the University of Helsinki have used advanced supercomputer simulations to explain the origin of X-ray radiation from the regions surrounding black holes. The study reveals that the chaotic interaction of magnetic fields and turbulent plasma around black holes heats the plasma, causing it to emit X-rays. This breakthrough provides insights into the complex dynamics near black holes and aligns with observational data on X-ray emissions.

NASA CubeSats Launched via Commercial Rideshares to Test New Technologies: NASA successfully launched two CubeSats, PTD-4 and PTD-R, as part of its Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator series using SpaceX's Transporter-11 rideshare mission. These CubeSats will test advanced technologies, including a deployable solar array with an integrated antenna and a novel optical sensing system. The mission highlights NASA's strategy to leverage commercial partnerships for more cost-effective space exploration.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Deadly Sea Snail Toxin Offers Blueprint for Diabetes and Hormone Disorder Treatments: Researchers at the University of Utah have identified a toxin in the venom of a deadly cone snail that mimics the human hormone somatostatin, which regulates blood sugar and hormone levels. This toxin, known as consomatin, is more stable and specific than its human counterpart, making it a promising model for developing new, more effective drugs for diabetes and hormone-related conditions.

Toxic Dust from California's Salton Sea Linked to Rising Lung Disease: Researchers have discovered that dust from the drying Salton Sea is likely causing severe respiratory issues in nearby communities, especially affecting children. The dust contains a bacterial toxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which triggers asthma-like symptoms. This finding may have global implications as other drying lakes face similar risks. Scientists are now working to better understand the disease and its potential spread, while exploring possible mitigation strategies.

New Pathway Identified for Treating Bladder Cancer by Releasing Immune Cells: Researchers from the University of Queensland have uncovered a mechanism by which bladder cancer suppresses natural killer (NK) immune cells. By targeting the protein TGF-β, which is responsible for this suppression, existing drugs might be used to reinvigorate NK cells, allowing them to combat the cancer effectively. This discovery opens the door to potential new therapies for bladder cancer, with clinical trials expected within three to five years.

Brain Imaging Study Identifies Five Patterns of Age-Related Brain Degeneration: An international research team used machine learning to analyze nearly 50,000 MRI scans, revealing five distinct patterns of brain atrophy in older adults. These patterns are linked to various neurological conditions, including dementia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. The study highlights the potential for using these patterns to predict cognitive decline and develop targeted interventions, although further research is needed to fully understand the implications.

Memory Strengthened by Unrelated Experiences, Study Finds: Researchers at Aarhus University have discovered that memories can be enhanced by subsequent, unrelated experiences that evoke strong responses. This challenges the traditional Hebbian model of memory, which emphasizes the simultaneous activation of neurons. The study suggests that memory formation is more flexible, with experiences up to a day later potentially influencing memory strength. These findings could lead to new approaches in treating cognitive disorders and improving learning methods.

New Genomic Surveillance Method Monitors Multiple Superbugs in Hospitals: A groundbreaking genomic surveillance method developed by researchers allows simultaneous tracking of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals. This approach captures genomic data from all significant pathogens in a hospital environment quickly and efficiently, improving the ability to manage and control the spread of superbugs. The technique was tested in ICUs during the early COVID-19 pandemic, revealing high levels of bacterial colonization in patients. This method could revolutionize infection control in healthcare settings.

ENVIRONMENT

Rising Demand for High-Quality Credits Challenges Voluntary Carbon Markets: The increasing demand for high-quality carbon credits is straining the voluntary carbon markets, leading to concerns about supply shortages and the credibility of available credits. As businesses aim to meet stricter sustainability goals, the pressure to secure reliable credits that offer genuine climate benefits has intensified. This dynamic could undermine the effectiveness of carbon markets in reducing global emissions if not addressed.

Environmental Laws Insufficient to Curb Deforestation in Australia: A study from the University of Queensland reveals that Australia's environmental laws are failing to prevent deforestation, particularly in Queensland, where 75% of land clearing occurs without proper assessment. The research highlights that 65% of the 1.5 million hectares of land cleared across northern Australia potentially violated existing laws, emphasizing the urgent need for stricter enforcement to meet international commitments to reduce deforestation.

PFOS Chemical Pollution Threatens Platypus Populations in Australia: A study reveals that platypuses in southeast Australia are exposed to high levels of PFOS, a harmful chemical used in various industrial processes. This exposure poses significant health risks, including reproductive and developmental issues, potentially threatening the survival of the species. The findings underscore the need for stricter regulations on chemical pollutants to protect wildlife.

NATURE

Symbiotic Bacteria Help Sponges Store Toxic Molybdenum to Deter Predators: A study from Tel Aviv University reveals that sponges in the Gulf of Eilat use a symbiotic relationship with bacteria to accumulate and store toxic levels of molybdenum, a strategy to ward off predators. The bacteria convert the toxic metal into a less soluble mineral, helping sponges survive in challenging environments. This discovery also opens avenues for biotechnological applications in environmental detoxification.

Newly Discovered Tarantula Species Already Facing Extinction Risk: Scientists have identified a new tarantula species, Aphonopelma jacobii, in Arizona's Chiricahua Mountains. Despite its recent discovery, this species is already at risk due to climate change, habitat loss, and human activities. The tarantula's unique habitat in the high-altitude forests of the Madrean Sky Islands makes it particularly vulnerable to environmental changes and the potential for exploitation by exotic pet collectors.

Invasive Caterpillars Trigger Defense Mechanisms in Trees: A study has found that certain trees can muster defenses against invasive caterpillars by detecting chemical signals from other infested trees. These chemical cues enable uninfested trees to prepare and strengthen their defenses before the caterpillars reach them. This research highlights the intricate communication among plants and their ability to respond proactively to threats, offering insights into ecological interactions and potential pest management strategies.

New Fish Species Discovered in Mauritanian Deep-Water Coral Reefs: Researchers have identified a new species of fish, Gaidropsarus mauritanicus, in the deep-water coral reefs off the coast of Mauritania. The fish, which belongs to the rockling family, was found at a depth of 595 meters and measures around 73 millimeters in length. This discovery highlights the biodiversity of the Mauritanian deep-sea ecosystem, emphasizing the need for its protection. Genetic analyses confirmed the fish as a previously undescribed species.

Habitat Restoration Key to Giant Panda Recovery: A new study emphasizes the importance of habitat restoration in the successful recovery of giant panda populations. Researchers found that increased habitat quality and connectivity are crucial for the long-term survival of pandas, despite their downlisting from "Endangered" to "Vulnerable." The study advocates for ongoing efforts in habitat protection and restoration to ensure the species' future stability and resilience against environmental changes.

INDUSTRY

Tesla to Face Lower EU Tariffs on China-Made EVs Amid Trade Disputes: The European Union has decided to impose a lower tariff of 9% on Tesla's electric vehicles manufactured in China, compared to higher tariffs of up to 36.3% on other Chinese EV producers. The EU's decision comes amidst ongoing trade tensions and an anti-subsidy investigation targeting Chinese EV imports, aiming to protect European automakers from unfair competition.

Elon Musk's SpaceX Activities in Texas Stir Concerns Over Environmental Impact: SpaceX's operations in Boca Chica, Texas, led by Elon Musk, are facing scrutiny due to environmental concerns. The company's frequent rocket launches and expansions have raised alarms about the impact on local wildlife, ecosystems, and communities. While SpaceX aims to advance space exploration, environmental groups and local residents are increasingly worried about the long-term effects on the region.

SpaceX Debuts New Booster for Cape Canaveral Launch: SpaceX successfully launched a Falcon 9 rocket carrying 22 Starlink satellites from Cape Canaveral, featuring a brand-new booster for the first time. The booster, which will support the Crew-9 mission next month, made a recovery landing on the droneship "A Shortfall of Gravitas" in the Atlantic. This launch marks the 59th from the Space Coast in 2024, with SpaceX conducting the majority of these missions.

WORLD

EU Intensifies Crackdown on Big Tech One Year After New Laws Take Effect: A year after implementing the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA), the European Union is ramping up enforcement against major tech companies. Brussels has already forced changes from firms like TikTok, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft. With new legal tools, the EU aims to curb anti-competitive practices and regulate content more strictly, signaling ongoing challenges for Big Tech in Europe.

Streaming Algorithms Fail to Serve Australian Children's Content Needs: Research from RMIT University reveals that streaming platforms' algorithms are failing to provide Australian children with access to local content, instead prioritizing U.S.-based shows. The study highlights how children are increasingly dependent on algorithmic recommendations, which often push them toward content not aligned with their cultural environment. The decline in local content production and consumption is concerning, as it could diminish children's connection to their own culture.

Bali's Struggle with Overtourism: A Snapshot of Challenges in the Developing World: Bali exemplifies the severe impact of overtourism on developing regions, where the influx of millions of tourists strains infrastructure, disrupts local communities, and harms the environment. The island's economy, heavily dependent on tourism, faces challenges such as traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and cultural erosion. The situation highlights the need for sustainable tourism practices to balance economic benefits with the well-being of local residents and the