Study Shows Bats Exhibit Advanced Cognitive Abilities

Hello and welcome to Tuesday’s STEAM newsletter.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Rethinking Reaction Mechanisms for Drug Molecule Synthesis, Revolutionary Solid-State Cooling Material Studied for Eco-Friendly Applications, Researchers Measure Boundary Between Water and Air with Precision.

• Technology and AI - Drone Technology Enhances Restoration of Native Hawaiian Fishponds, Machine Learning and AI Essential for Managing Chemical Exposure.

• Engineering - Advanced Nervous System-Controlled Prosthesis Enhances Life for Amputees, Informal Bus Lines in the Global South Found Efficient through Self-Organization, and more.

• Space - NASA Releases New Moon to Mars White Papers, and more.

• Health & Medicine - New Test for Persistent HIV Strains in Africa Advances Cure Research, Researchers Analyze Brain Scans to Understand Depression Biology, and more.

• Environment - New Study Highlights Massive Carbon Footprint of Long-Distance Travel, Urban Proximity Found to Increase Plastic Ingestion in New Zealand Fish, and more.

• Nature - Study Shows Bats Exhibit Advanced Cognitive Abilities, Researchers Train Sheep for Awake MRI Imaging, and more.

• Industry - Canned Water from Air and Sunlight to Launch in U.S., Ariane 6 Rocket Set for Inaugural Launch, and more.

• World - Sinkholes Threaten Turkey's Parched Breadbasket, Climate Change Rapidly Alters Canadian Agriculture, and more.

Until Tomorrow,

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Rethinking Reaction Mechanisms for Drug Molecule Synthesis: Researchers at the Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia developed a novel metal-free method for synthesizing nitrogen-containing heterocycles, essential in medicinal chemistry. This method, published in Nature Synthesis, utilizes hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) to facilitate single-electron transfer mechanisms, enhancing the formation of C(sp³)–N bonds. This breakthrough addresses limitations in traditional mechanisms, improving the efficiency of synthesizing crucial drug-like structures.

Revolutionary Solid-State Cooling Material Studied for Eco-Friendly Applications: Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have investigated a nickel-cobalt-manganese-indium magnetic shape-memory alloy, which shows promise for solid-state cooling applications. By examining atomic-scale heat motion using neutron-scattering instruments, they discovered that the alloy's cooling capacity is enhanced by local magnon-phonon hybrid modes. These findings could lead to more efficient, environmentally friendly cooling systems without traditional refrigerants.

Researchers Measure Boundary Between Water and Air with Precision: Researchers have accurately measured the boundary layer thickness between water and air, enhancing understanding of critical environmental and industrial processes like evaporation and gas exchange. This precise measurement can improve models and simulations in climate science and water treatment, among other applications.

New Adapter Molecule Enhances Targeted Protein Degradation: Researchers at the CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine identified an adapter molecule, SP3N, which recruits a new E3 ligase, FBXO22, for targeted protein degradation. This discovery expands the potential of using the cell's waste disposal system to remove disease-causing proteins, offering new therapeutic strategies, particularly for cancer. The adapter molecule is smaller and more efficient, potentially reducing side effects in healthy tissue.

Proving the Multiverse: Closer Than Ever: Recent advancements in cosmology suggest we are nearing the ability to prove the existence of the multiverse. Scientists are exploring various theories and observational evidence, such as the cosmic microwave background and the behavior of particles at quantum levels. These efforts aim to uncover whether multiple universes, each with different physical laws, truly exist. The pursuit of this profound understanding could fundamentally change our perception of reality and our place in the cosmos.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

Drone Technology Enhances Restoration of Native Hawaiian Fishponds: A study from the University of Hawai'i demonstrated the use of drones to support the restoration and resilience of traditional Native Hawaiian fishponds, known as loko iʻa. The drones provided accurate and cost-effective mapping of these coastal areas, helping manage flooding and sea level rise impacts. The project involved local students and community members, combining modern technology with traditional practices to enhance coastal adaptation and food security amidst climate change.

Machine Learning and AI Essential for Managing Chemical Exposure: Researchers at the University of Amsterdam emphasized the need for machine learning and AI to manage the vast array of chemicals in the environment. Traditional methods capture only a small fraction of the "exposome," the totality of chemicals humans are exposed to. Machine learning can help identify unknown chemicals and predict their health impacts. This proactive approach is crucial as new chemicals are introduced rapidly, with many remaining unstudied and unregulated.

ENGINEERING

Advanced Nervous System-Controlled Prosthesis Enhances Life for Amputees: MIT researchers have developed a groundbreaking prosthetic limb driven by the user's nervous system, enabling natural and intuitive movements. This innovative prosthesis interfaces directly with nerves and muscles, offering precise control and improved functionality. It promises to significantly enhance the quality of life for amputees by providing a seamless integration with their body's natural movements.

Informal Bus Lines in the Global South Found Efficient through Self-Organization: A study from TU Dresden analyzed over 7,000 bus routes across 36 cities, revealing that informal bus services in the Global South self-organize to achieve efficiency levels comparable to or exceeding those of centrally planned systems. Using GPS data, the research showed that informal routes align well with population densities and involve fewer detours, challenging the perception of these systems as inferior. The findings suggest that informal transport systems should be integrated into urban planning to improve public transport efficiency.

Researchers Develop Eco-Friendly Bio-Concrete Using Cyanobacteria: Fraunhofer researchers created biogenic construction materials using cyanobacteria, which bind CO₂ during production. This innovative method involves culturing cyanobacteria in a nutrient solution and adding materials like sand and basalt to form solid structures. Unlike traditional concrete, this process reduces CO₂ emissions, promoting sustainability in the construction industry. The resulting bio-concrete can be used in various applications, such as bricks and insulation, demonstrating significant potential for environmental impact reduction.

Outdoor Durability of Perovskite Solar Cells Examined: A study led by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill assessed the durability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under outdoor conditions. Researchers found that a hybrid polymer material improved the UV stability and efficiency of PSCs. The study, supported by multiple institutions, highlighted the importance of real-world testing for commercializing PSC technology. Results showed that the PSCs maintained high efficiency after 29 weeks of outdoor exposure, marking a significant step towards reliable and sustainable solar energy solutions.

New Solar Cell Model Surpasses 80-Year-Old Equation: Researchers from Swansea University, Wales and Åbo Akademi University, Finland developed a new analytical model that enhances the understanding and efficiency of thin-film solar cells, moving beyond the limitations of the 80-year-old Shockley diode equation. This new model accounts for injected carriers and recombination, providing insights into optimizing low-mobility photovoltaic devices. The breakthrough aims to improve the design and performance of next-generation solar cells.

SPACE

NASA Releases New Moon to Mars White Papers: NASA published two white papers detailing advancements in its Moon to Mars exploration strategy. The first paper, "Lunar Mobility Drivers and Needs," addresses the logistics of transporting cargo and assets on the lunar surface. The second, "Lunar Surface Cargo," analyzes projected needs and identifies gaps in current capabilities for lunar cargo transportation. These documents, part of NASA's Artemis campaign, aim to establish a sustainable presence on the Moon and prepare for human missions to Mars.

Twelve New Targets for the Event Horizon Telescope: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, known for capturing the first black hole image, identified twelve new supermassive black hole targets. These targets, selected for their strong flux density and suitable angular size, include galaxies like IC1459 and NGC4261. Enhancements to the EHT, including new dishes and improved resolution, aim to study these black holes' event horizons and magnetic fields, offering insights into their dynamics and the evolution of their host galaxies.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

New Test for Persistent HIV Strains in Africa Advances Cure Research: A multinational team led by Weill Cornell Medicine developed a new test to detect persistent HIV strains in Africa, focusing on subtypes A1 and D. This test, which improves detection of intact proviral genomes, is crucial for advancing HIV cure research. The study, involving DNA analysis from patients in Uganda, shows that viral reservoirs remain even during antiretroviral treatment, posing challenges similar to those faced in developed countries. This breakthrough could enhance targeted HIV treatment efforts globally.

Researchers Analyze Brain Scans to Understand Depression Biology: In a study published in Translational Psychiatry, researchers from Children's Hospital Los Angeles examined 338 brain scans from patients with major depressive disorder and 103 healthy controls. They found increased cerebral blood flow in patients with depression, particularly in brain regions regulating cognition and emotion. This hypermetabolism suggests a biological basis for depression, potentially guiding new treatment approaches. The findings underscore the link between cellular activity and depression severity, providing insight into depression's underlying mechanisms.

Prolonged Pollution Exposure Linked to Loss of Independence in Older Adults: A study has revealed that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with a decline in functional independence among older adults. Conducted by researchers at the University of California, the study found that pollutants, including fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, increase the risk of disability and dependence. This highlights the urgent need for measures to reduce air pollution to protect the health and independence of the elderly population.

Study Finds Hairy Skin Maintains Sensitivity with Age: Research published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience demonstrated that while touch sensitivity in hairless skin, such as the fingertips, declines with age, hairy skin on the forearms and cheeks remains sensitive. The study involved 96 female participants aged 20 to 75, revealing that tactile sensitivity preservation in hairy skin may be linked to the evolutionary importance of social touch. This discovery highlights the unique properties of hairy skin in maintaining sensory function throughout life.

Protein Target Identified in Lupus Regulation: A research team from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) identified the protein ETV5 as a regulator in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ETV5 promotes the differentiation of T cells into T follicular helper (TFH) cells, which, in excess, can cause autoimmune reactions. Experiments in both mice and humans confirmed the role of ETV5 in increasing autoantibody production and disease activity. These findings could lead to the development of targeted therapies for lupus by inhibiting ETV5.

ENVIRONMENT

New Study Highlights Massive Carbon Footprint of Long-Distance Travel: Research from the University of Leeds indicates that long-distance travel, though only 3% of UK trips, is responsible for 70% of travel-related carbon emissions. International journeys, which are just 0.4% of all trips, contribute 55% of these emissions. The findings, published in Nature Energy, suggest focusing on reducing emissions from flights could significantly mitigate climate change, contrasting with current efforts that prioritize local travel.

Urban Proximity Found to Increase Plastic Ingestion in New Zealand Fish: A study has revealed that fish collected near urban areas in New Zealand ingested significantly more plastic than those from rural areas. Researchers, who sampled fish from three sites around Dunedin, discovered that those closer to the city ingested up to 8.5 times more plastic. This finding highlights the impact of urban pollution on marine life and emphasized the need for improved plastic waste management strategies.

Study Found Ocean Acidification Deters Fish from Coral Reefs: Researchers discovered that ocean acidification made coral reefs less attractive to certain fish species. The study, conducted in Papua New Guinea, showed that acidified waters simplified coral structures, which are less appealing as habitats. This change can lead to reduced biodiversity and altered fish communities, impacting ecosystem resilience and fisheries. The findings highlight the urgent need to address carbon emissions to protect marine environments.

Increased Atmospheric Moisture Could Weaken Hurricane Formation: A recent study by the National Center for Atmospheric Research indicates that higher atmospheric moisture levels may hinder the formation of hurricanes. Using advanced modeling techniques, researchers found that increased moisture disrupts the development of African easterly waves, the precursors to Atlantic hurricanes. This results in weaker and slower-moving storm seeds, potentially altering hurricane activity. The study provides new insights into how climate change-induced moisture increases could impact hurricane dynamics.

Indonesia's Deforested Lands Remain Idle, Missing Reforestation Goals: In Indonesia, millions of hectares of deforested land are left idle, hindering the country's reforestation targets. A study reveals that despite government pledges and efforts, these lands are not being utilized for reforestation or agriculture, leading to missed opportunities for carbon sequestration and economic development. The lack of proper management and clear policies contributes to this issue, underscoring the need for more effective land use strategies.

Latin American Trial Shows Promise for Methane-Free Rice Cultivation: A trial in Colombia demonstrated the effectiveness of a modified irrigation technique called alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in reducing methane emissions from rice fields. The adaptation involved replenishing water sooner to prevent stress on crops, significantly cutting methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This method, tested with the rice variety Fedearroz 67, aims to help Colombia achieve its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030 and could be replicated in other Latin American countries.

NATURE

Study Shows Bats Exhibit Advanced Cognitive Abilities: Researchers at Tel Aviv University discovered that wild Egyptian fruit bats possess cognitive skills such as episodic memory, mental time travel, planning, and delayed gratification. Using GPS trackers, the study showed that experienced bats could remember and plan their foraging routes based on past experiences and current needs. This suggests that these bats have complex decision-making abilities, challenging the notion that such skills are exclusive to humans.

Researchers Train Sheep for Awake MRI Imaging: Researchers at INRAE have successfully trained sheep to undergo MRI scans while awake, eliminating the need for anesthesia. This training, involving familiarization from birth and gradual acclimation to MRI conditions, allows for the study of brain activity in a more natural state. The breakthrough opens new avenues for neuroimaging research and demonstrates the potential for training other animals for similar procedures.

Study Advises Strategic Planting of Energy Crops to Protect Biodiversity: Researchers from the University of Surrey found that the location of energy crop plantations significantly impacts biodiversity. By planting these crops on existing agricultural land, particularly in regions like China and Central Europe, the negative effects on biodiversity can be minimized. This approach allows other areas to be restored to natural habitats, enhancing biodiversity. The study emphasizes that thoughtful planning is crucial for balancing bioenergy expansion with ecological preservation.

Farmers' Perspectives Crucial in Reintroducing Lynx and Wolves: A researcher from Queen's University Belfast emphasized the importance of considering farmers' views when reintroducing lynx and wolves to Britain and Ireland. The study highlighted farmers' concerns about political and economic uncertainties, funding for agri-environmental schemes, and management tools for coexistence with large carnivores. The report calls for extensive research and consultation with farmers to balance the benefits and challenges of reintroducing these apex predators.

INDUSTRY

Canned Water from Air and Sunlight to Launch in US: A new product, canned water produced from air and sunlight, is set to be available in US stores by September. This innovative method involves extracting water vapor from the air and using solar energy for the process, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional bottled water. The initiative aims to reduce plastic waste and provide a renewable water source.

Ariane 6 Rocket Set for Inaugural Launch: The European Space Agency's Ariane 6 rocket is scheduled for its first launch on July 9, 2024, from Kourou, French Guiana. After four years of delays, this launch aims to restore Europe's independent access to space, competing with SpaceX's reusable rockets. The Ariane 6, featuring a new Vinci engine, will initially perform nine launches per year, carrying various satellites and scientific instruments. Despite challenges, this launch marks a significant step for Europe's space ambitions.

Overview of Major Rockets Competing with Ariane 6: As the European Space Agency's Ariane 6 prepares for its inaugural launch, several other rockets are notable competitors:

• Falcon 9 and Starship (SpaceX): Falcon 9 is reusable, dominating the market, while Starship aims for massive payloads.

• New Glenn (Blue Origin): Set for its first flight, offering significant payload capacities.

• Vulcan Centaur (United Launch Alliance): A new rocket with reusable engines, replacing Atlas V and Delta IV.

• Long March 5 (China): A key player with substantial payload capabilities.

These rockets reflect the rapidly evolving space launch market.

WORLD

Sinkholes Threaten Turkey's Parched Breadbasket: Turkey's agricultural heartland is increasingly plagued by sinkholes, exacerbated by intensive groundwater extraction to irrigate crops amid prolonged drought conditions. The Konya Plain, known as Turkey's breadbasket, faces severe water scarcity, causing the ground to collapse in numerous areas. These sinkholes pose risks to agriculture and local infrastructure, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable water management practices to combat the environmental and economic impacts of climate change.

Climate Change Rapidly Alters Canadian Agriculture: Climate change has been significantly impacting Canadian agriculture by altering growing conditions, affecting crop yields, and shifting viable crop types across regions. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have led to increased water stress, soil erosion, and heat stress, all of which threaten crop productivity. While some areas may benefit from longer growing seasons, extreme weather events pose serious challenges. Farmers must adapt by changing planting dates, adopting new crops, and implementing sustainable practices to mitigate these impacts.

Hope for Mekong Dolphins as Population Rises in Cambodia: Cambodia's agriculture minister announced an increase in Mekong dolphin numbers, now over 100, offering hope for this endangered species. This population boost follows strict measures against illegal fishing and destructive fishing tools. Eight new dolphin calves were recorded in the first half of 2024, although two dolphins also died. Despite the positive trend, challenges remain due to habitat loss and an aging dolphin population.