Scientists Create World's Thinnest Metallic Wire from Copper and Carbon Atoms

Hello and welcome to Tuesday’s newsletter.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Scientists Create World's Thinnest Metallic Wire from Copper and Carbon Atoms, and more

• Technology and AI - Driverless Cars: Safer Than Humans but Struggle with Turns, and more.

• Engineering - Innovative Electrochemical Method Could Decarbonize Steel Recycling, and more.

• Arts - Capturing the Hidden Beauty of the Microscopic World.

• Mathematics - Mathematicians Discover Computational Challenge in Super Mario Games, Mathematical Model Investigates Insulin Resistance in Adolescent Girls with PCOS.

• Health & Medicine - Mars Missions Could Pose Severe Risks to Kidney Health, and more.

• Environment - Study Reveals High Levels of Lead in US Residential Yards, and more.

• Nature - Restored Rat-Free Islands Could Boost Seabird Populations, and more.

• Industry - McDonald's Ends AI Drive-Thru Partnership with IBM, and more.

• World - Record-Breaking Wildfires Devastate Brazil's Pantanal Wetlands, and more.

Until Tomorrow,

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Scientists Create World's Thinnest Metallic Wire from Copper and Carbon Atoms: Researchers at EPFL have developed the world’s thinnest metallic wire using copper and carbon atoms. This breakthrough, achieved through computational methods, identified potential 1-D nanomaterials from over 780,000 crystals. The thinnest wire, composed of two carbon atoms and one copper atom, demonstrates remarkable stability and potential applications in flexible electronics. This study opens new possibilities for the development of nanomaterials with unique electrical and mechanical properties.

Biologists Uncover New Mechanisms in Cellular Stress Response: Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have identified new insights into the integrated stress response (ISR) in cells. They discovered that in the absence of the eIF4E protein, cells increase the production of the Gcn4 protein through an unexpected mechanism. This finding enhances the understanding of how cells regulate protein production under stress, with implications for cancer research and other cellular processes.

Y Chromosome Evolving Faster Than X, Great Ape Research Shows: A study by an international team, including researchers from Penn State and the National Human Genome Research Institute, has produced complete genomes for the sex chromosomes of six ape species. They found that the Y chromosome is evolving more rapidly than the X, with significant variability and species-specific sequences. This research enhances our understanding of sex chromosome evolution, reproductive genetics, and conservation of endangered apes.

Antifreeze Proteins Show Promise for Organ Preservation: A study led by Hebrew University of Jerusalem researchers demonstrates that antifreeze proteins (AFPs) can significantly improve organ preservation by preventing ice crystal formation during cryogenic freezing. Using AFPs from fish and insects, the research shows extended viability of frozen organs, offering potential advancements in organ transplantation. This breakthrough could reduce the shortage of viable organs, enhancing the quality and success of transplants.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

Driverless Cars: Safer Than Humans but Struggle with Turns: A recent study indicates that driverless cars generally perform more safely than human drivers but face difficulties with turning maneuvers. While autonomous vehicles excel in consistent and controlled driving scenarios, their algorithms are less adept at handling complex turns and unpredictable elements such as pedestrians and cyclists. This disparity highlights the need for continued improvement in AI-driven navigation systems to ensure comprehensive safety on the roads.

AI PCs Enter the Market, Revolutionizing Personal Computing: A new generation of AI-powered personal computers, featuring Qualcomm's SnapDragon X Elite processors, has hit the market. These AI PCs, launched by companies like Microsoft, HP, and ASUS, aim to enhance user experience by integrating AI capabilities directly into the hardware, enabling features like live transcription, translation, and advanced photo editing without relying on the cloud. Microsoft projects over 50 million units will be sold within a year, although some analysts remain skeptical about the immediate impact.

AI Learns to Identify Human Sketches with High Accuracy: Researchers from the University of Surrey and Stanford University have developed an AI model that can recognize and label human sketches with 85% accuracy. This AI uses a combination of sketches and written descriptions, enabling it to understand and identify objects in drawings made by non-artists. The breakthrough enhances human-computer interaction and design workflows, making it possible to search or create images through sketching.

ENGINEERING

Innovative Electrochemical Method Could Decarbonize Steel Recycling: Researchers at the University of Toronto have developed an electrochemical process to recycle steel, potentially reducing the industry's carbon footprint. This method uses an oxysulfide electrolyte to remove impurities like copper from molten steel, enabling the production of high-quality recycled steel. The process operates at high temperatures and generates valuable by-products, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional steel recycling methods and supporting the circular economy.

Engineers Design Record-Breaking Robot Capable of Jumping Twice the Height of Big Ben: Researchers at The University of Manchester have developed a robot capable of jumping 120 meters, more than twice the height of Big Ben. This advancement, achieved through mathematical modeling, computer simulations, and lab experiments, significantly enhances the energy efficiency and performance of spring-driven jumping robots. Potential applications include planetary exploration and disaster rescue. The next steps involve controlling jump direction and optimizing designs for space missions.

Humanoid Robots Learn by Mimicking Human Actions: Stanford researchers have developed a humanoid robot, HumanPlus, capable of learning complex tasks like boxing and playing the piano by mimicking human movements. Using a single RGB camera and reinforcement learning, the robot observes and replicates human actions with impressive accuracy. This novel approach reduces training time and costs, potentially enhancing the adaptability and functionality of commercial robots in various industries.

Innovative Upgrades Enhance Lunar Rovers for Extreme Conditions: Researchers at Nagoya University, in collaboration with JAXA, have developed a heat-switch device for lunar rovers to withstand extreme lunar temperatures. This system combines a loop heat pipe with an electrohydrodynamic pump, allowing efficient temperature regulation by alternating between cooling and warming. This innovation is essential for maintaining rover functionality during both hot lunar days and freezing nights, paving the way for long-term lunar exploration and future integration into larger space missions.

Stanford Unveils Revolutionary Liquid Fuel Technology for Energy Storage: Stanford University researchers have developed a groundbreaking liquid fuel technology for grid energy storage using liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). This method involves a novel catalytic system that stores electrical energy in isopropanol without producing hydrogen gas, significantly improving energy storage efficiency. This advancement promises to enhance the stability and scalability of renewable energy sources by efficiently storing and releasing energy, paving the way for more reliable grid storage solutions.

Declining Costs of Batteries and Fuel Cells to Boost Electrification of Heavy-Duty Vehicles: A study by the Fraunhofer Institute and KIT forecasts significant cost reductions in truck batteries and fuel cells, which could accelerate the electrification of heavy-duty vehicles. The researchers predict that battery costs will approach 100 EUR/kWh by the late 2040s, while fuel cell costs could reach 150 EUR/kW by the late 2030s. This rapid decline will make battery-electric and fuel cell trucks more cost-effective than diesel trucks, facilitating widespread adoption.

AI and Exoskeletons Combine to Revolutionize Human Mobility on Earth and in Space: Researchers have developed an AI-enhanced exoskeleton controller that supports various human movements like walking and running without needing individual calibration. This innovation significantly reduces energy expenditure, making it a promising tool for enhancing mobility for factory workers, astronauts, and individuals with disabilities. The new system, detailed in Nature, uses AI and simulations to provide continuous torque assistance, marking a major advancement in wearable robotics.

ARTS

Capturing the Hidden Beauty of the Microscopic World: Steve Gschmeissner, a scientific photographer, creates stunning images of microscopic subjects using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). His work includes detailed colorized images of cancer cells, viruses, and tiny organisms, making scientific phenomena accessible and visually appealing to the public. Gschmeissner's images are used in research, education, and even art, highlighting the importance of visualizing the microscopic world to enhance understanding and appreciation of science.

NPR Podcast - How Art and Science Intersect Episode.

MATHEMATICS

Mathematicians Discover Computational Challenge in Super Mario Games: Researchers have uncovered a computational problem in Super Mario games that is deemed "impossible" to solve without actual gameplay. Using computational complexity theory, they determined that predicting whether certain levels are beatable cannot be done even with the world's most powerful computers. This finding highlights the unique and intricate challenges posed by video game environments, providing new insights into computational theory and game design.

Mathematical Model Investigates Insulin Resistance in Adolescent Girls with PCOS: A new study presented at the 2024 SIAM Conference on the Life Sciences by Cecilia Diniz Behn uses a modified oral minimal model to explore tissue-specific insulin resistance in adolescent girls with PCOS. The research reveals significant insulin resistance in the liver, contributing to metabolic dysfunction. This model provides insights into targeted treatments for PCOS, focusing on the dynamic interactions between glucose and insulin, and highlights the importance of understanding tissue-specific metabolic responses.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Mars Missions Could Pose Severe Risks to Kidney Health: New research from University College London suggests that long-term space travel, such as missions to Mars, could severely damage astronauts' kidneys. The study, which analyzed biological samples from space missions, found that space radiation and microgravity conditions disrupt kidney function, leading to potential kidney stones and other issues. These findings highlight the need for protective measures and medical interventions to safeguard astronauts' health on long-duration space missions.

Repurposed Drug Shows Promise in Reducing Heart Attack Risk: Researchers at Georgia Tech have found that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a drug typically used for acetaminophen overdose, can prevent blood clot formation, significantly reducing heart attack risk. The study demonstrated that NAC effectively prevents clots without increasing bleeding risk. This discovery could lead to immediate clinical applications, providing a cost-effective solution to reduce heart attacks and strokes by repurposing an existing, safe drug.

Sound-Based Technique Enhances Sleep in Dementia Patients: Researchers from the University of Surrey have developed a technique using sound to influence brain waves and improve sleep in dementia patients. By targeting alpha rhythms with precise auditory stimulation, the method enhances cognitive function and sleep quality. The study demonstrates that sound can modulate brain activity, potentially offering a non-invasive treatment for sleep disturbances common in dementia.

Mohs Surgery: Effective Technique for Skin Cancer Removal: Mohs surgery is a precise method for removing skin cancer, particularly effective for recurrent or rapidly developing tumors on sensitive areas like the face and neck. The procedure involves removing thin layers of cancer-containing skin and examining them until no more cancer cells are detected. This outpatient surgery aims to preserve as much healthy tissue as possible. Post-surgery, patients may need stitches, skin grafts, or natural healing, with tailored pain management and follow-up care to monitor recurrence.

AI Model Predicts Anxiety Levels Through Picture Description Tasks: Researchers have developed an AI model capable of predicting anxiety levels in individuals by analyzing their performance in picture description tasks. The study highlights the potential of using AI to identify mental health issues based on subtle linguistic cues. This innovative approach could lead to more accessible and early detection methods for anxiety disorders, offering a non-invasive way to support mental health assessments.

Advanced Brain Gene Maps Illuminate Mental Health Mechanisms: Researchers have developed comprehensive maps of gene regulation in the human brain, providing insights into mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Utilizing brain tissue from over 2,500 donors, the study reveals how genetic variants influence brain functions and mental health. Supported by the NIH, these findings aim to identify potential targets for new treatments, enhancing understanding of genetic risks and regulatory elements in mental disorders.

AI-Driven Personalized Cancer Treatments Show Promise in New Study: A study by the University of Oxford demonstrates how AI can develop personalized cancer treatment strategies using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). This approach tailors adaptive therapy schedules for individual patients, potentially doubling the time to relapse compared to conventional methods. The AI model adapts to patient-specific variations and offers interpretable treatment strategies, making it suitable for clinical use. This innovative method aims to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes in cancer therapy.

ENVIRONMENT

Study Reveals High Levels of Lead in US Residential Yards: A new study shows that 25% of US residential yards have soil lead levels exceeding the EPA's new guideline of 200 ppm, down from 400 ppm. Nearly 40% of households exceed the stricter 100 ppm level for homes with multiple exposure sources. Remediation using traditional methods could cost over $1 trillion. Cheaper alternatives like soil capping offer immediate, cost-effective solutions. The study emphasizes the widespread issue of lead contamination and the urgent need for action.

Urban Sprawl Contributes Significantly to Global Land Warming: A study by researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has revealed that urban sprawl now significantly influences global warming over land. From 2003 to 2019, rapid urbanization in regions like the Yangtze River Basin and Japan accounted for notable increases in local temperatures. While the global impact of urbanization on warming is smaller compared to greenhouse gases, it is statistically significant and highlights the need for better urban representation in climate models.

Large Wildfires Create Self-Perpetuating Fire Weather: A UC Riverside study reveals that large wildfires in California produce soot that traps sunlight, making days warmer and drier. This creates conditions favorable for more fires, forming a feedback loop. The research shows that black carbon from wildfires increases temperatures and reduces humidity, hindering cloud formation and precipitation. These findings highlight the need for improved land management and reduced greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate wildfire impacts.

1740: The Coldest Year in Central Europe in Six Centuries: A study led by the University of Bern revealed that 1740 was the coldest year in Central Europe in 600 years. Combining historical records and modern climate reconstructions, researchers identified a significant negative East Atlantic pattern and high atmospheric pressure as key factors. The extreme cold, severe frost, and heavy snowfall led to widespread crop failure and famine, particularly in Ireland. This research provides new insights into historical climate anomalies and their impacts.

NATURE

Restored Rat-Free Islands Could Boost Seabird Populations: A study led by Lancaster University highlights the potential for restored rat-free islands to support hundreds of thousands more breeding seabirds. Invasive rats, which devastate seabird populations by preying on eggs and chicks, could be eradicated, allowing seabird numbers to rebound. Additionally, restored native vegetation and ample fish stocks in surrounding waters further support seabird recovery. These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive restoration efforts for both island and marine ecosystems.

Discovery of a New Parasitic Fairy Lantern Plant Species: Scientists have discovered a new species of parasitic plant called a "fairy lantern" in Malaysia. This plant, known for its unique tentacled appearance, parasitizes subterranean fungi and only briefly surfaces to flower. The discovery adds to the understanding of plant biodiversity and parasitic relationships in ecosystems, highlighting the intricate connections between plants and fungi.

The Evolutionary Purpose Behind the Aromatic Appeal of Herbs: The New Scientist article explores why herbs have evolved to smell and taste so appealing. It explains that the strong flavors and aromas of herbs like basil and thyme are a result of their production of volatile organic compounds. These compounds serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens while also attracting pollinators. Over time, humans have selectively cultivated these plants for their desirable sensory properties, enhancing their culinary and medicinal uses.

Tackling the Illegal Cheetah Trade with New Scientific Tools: Researchers are developing advanced methods to combat the illegal cheetah trade, which has drastically reduced cheetah populations. These methods include stable isotope analysis to trace the origins of trafficked cheetahs and ecological surveys to understand wild populations. Despite legal protections, enforcement challenges persist, exacerbated by social media's role in facilitating wildlife trafficking. Collaborative efforts aim to raise awareness and enhance conservation strategies to protect remaining cheetah populations.

INDUSTRY

McDonald's Ends AI Drive-Thru Partnership with IBM: McDonald's is concluding its partnership with IBM, which tested AI-powered drive-thrus since 2021. Despite this, McDonald's remains optimistic about voice ordering solutions, hinting at future explorations in AI-driven technology. The decision follows mixed success and customer complaints about the AI's accuracy. Other fast food chains like Wendy's and White Castle continue to adopt AI for order processing, showing the industry's broader interest in technological advancements.

EVI-X Modeling Suite Enhances EV Charging Infrastructure Planning: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has launched the EVI-X modeling suite, a comprehensive set of tools designed to optimize electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. These tools aid in network planning, site design, and financial analysis, ensuring efficient, cost-effective deployment of EV charging stations. By simulating human behavior and charging preferences, EVI-X helps meet the needs of various vehicle types and supports the growing demand for EVs, contributing to sustainable transportation solutions.

Nvidia Becomes World's Most Valuable Company Amid AI Boom: Nvidia has surpassed Microsoft and Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company, reaching a market capitalization of approximately $3.3 trillion. The company’s rapid ascent is driven by the high demand for its GPU chips, crucial for advancements in artificial intelligence. Nvidia's recent financial performance highlights this growth, with a net profit of $14.9 billion and revenues nearly quadrupling year-over-year, positioning it at the forefront of the tech industry’s race to a $4 trillion market cap.

Music Platform CEO Advocates for AI as a Creativity Tool, Not a Threat: Meng Ru Kwok, CEO of music platform BandLab, argues that AI should be seen as a tool to enhance human creativity rather than a replacement for it. BandLab's AI feature, SongStarter, aids musicians in generating song ideas without replacing their creative process. Kwok emphasizes that AI can democratize music production, allowing more people to create and share music. Despite concerns about AI's impact on professional musicians, Kwok believes in its potential to support and inspire human creativity.

Fisker Avoids Bankruptcy with Strategic Moves and New Financing: Fisker, the electric vehicle manufacturer, has narrowly avoided bankruptcy by securing new financing and implementing strategic cost-cutting measures. The company faced significant financial challenges due to production delays and high operational costs. With the new funds, Fisker aims to accelerate the rollout of its vehicles and stabilize its financial situation. This development highlights the volatility and financial risks within the EV industry.

WORLD

Record-Breaking Wildfires Devastate Brazil's Pantanal Wetlands: The Pantanal wetlands in Brazil are experiencing a record surge in wildfires, with the number of fires increasing tenfold compared to the same period last year. This year, over 3,400 square kilometers of the Pantanal have burned from January 1 to June 9, marking the highest level of wildfire activity on record. The region, which is home to diverse wildlife including jaguars, tapirs, and giant anteaters, is suffering from extremely dry conditions exacerbated by weak rainfall and an intensified El Niño pattern, worsened by climate change. Local communities and wildlife are severely impacted, facing dire conditions as the dry season approaches its peak in September.

China Plans to Build World's Largest Particle Collider by 2027: China aims to construct the world’s largest particle collider, the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC), starting in 2027. The CEPC will cost $5 billion, significantly less than Europe’s proposed Future Circular Collider. Spanning 100 kilometers, it will smash electrons and positrons to study the Higgs boson in unprecedented detail. This project, awaiting government approval, is set to advance understanding of fundamental particles and the universe’s origins, potentially surpassing Europe in high-energy physics research.

Climate Change's Impact on Health in Europe: Climate change significantly affects health in Europe, with rising temperatures causing more heat-related deaths and the spread of disease-carrying ticks and parasites. A comprehensive report highlights the urgent need for action to mitigate these impacts. From 2013 to 2022, heat-related mortality increased significantly, particularly among women. The report also notes a rise in climate-sensitive diseases like Lyme disease. Increased research into these issues is essential for effective responses.

Big Batteries Address Solar Power Issues in California, Could Benefit Australia: California's deployment of large-scale batteries is effectively mitigating the "duck curve" issue in solar power, storing excess daytime energy for use during evening peaks. This strategy has decreased reliance on fossil fuels and enhanced grid stability. Australia, facing similar challenges, is expanding its battery storage infrastructure to leverage renewable energy more efficiently. The success in California suggests that with proper investment and implementation, Australia can also significantly benefit from large-scale battery storage solutions.

Amsterdam to Permit Solar Panels on Historical Monuments: Amsterdam has announced a policy change allowing the installation of solar panels on historical monuments to promote renewable energy and sustainability. This initiative aims to balance preserving the city's cultural heritage with modern environmental needs. By enabling solar energy integration, Amsterdam seeks to reduce carbon emissions and support its climate goals while respecting the aesthetic and historical significance of its monuments.