Octopus-Inspired Robot Pushes Boundaries in Underwater Robotics

Hello and welcome to Tuesday’s STEAM newsletter! We bring you summaries of the latest news in science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics.

In today’s edition:

• Science - New Model Explains Fermi Arc Phenomenon in High-Temperature Superconductors, and more.

• Technology and AI - AI Facial Filters in Real-Time Dating Impact Romantic Attraction, Study Shows, and more.

• Engineering - Octopus-Inspired Robot Pushes Boundaries in Underwater Robotics, and more.

• Astronomy & Space - New Insights from Chandra Data Reveal Surprising Dynamics in Black Hole Jets, and more.

• Health & Medicine - Study Reveals Link Between Olfactory Loss and Inflammation in 139 Medical Conditions, Pointing to New Therapeutic Avenues, and more.

• Neuroscience - New High-Resolution Imaging Maps Connections Between the Brainstem and Cortex, Revealing Brainstem's Role in Cognitive Function, and more.

• Environment - Thawing Permafrost Predicted to Be a Short-Term Greenhouse Gas Source but Long-Term Neutral, Study Finds, and more.

• Nature - Massive Cod Predation Event Highlights Vulnerability of Capelin During Spawning Season, and more.

• Other Sciences & Arts - Teacher Perceptions of Student Math Success Linked to Gender and Racial Biases, Study Finds.

Until Tomorrow.

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

New Model Explains Fermi Arc Phenomenon in High-Temperature Superconductors: Researchers at TU Wien (Vienna) have developed a theoretical model to explain the unusual behavior of electrons in high-temperature superconductors, specifically cuprates. These materials allow electrical conductivity without resistance at relatively high temperatures. However, they exhibit unique properties, such as restricting electron movement to specific directions along “Fermi arcs,” a phenomenon previously unexplained by conventional theories. The team discovered that this directional behavior is due to long-range antiferromagnetic interactions, where the magnetic orientation of electrons alternates like a chessboard. This discovery provides insights into the mysteries of high-temperature superconductivity and could aid future studies of unconventional materials.

Researchers Develop Viscous Electron Bolometer for Terahertz Wave Detection in Quantum Materials: A team at the National University of Singapore has developed a novel electronic device, the viscous electron bolometer, leveraging the unique electron behavior in quantum materials like graphene. Unlike traditional models where electrons act as independent particles, in materials such as graphene, electrons behave like a fluid, exhibiting reduced viscosity when exposed to terahertz (THz) radiation. This discovery could revolutionize THz wave detection, unlocking advancements in ultra-fast communication networks, medical imaging, and astronomy. The viscous electron bolometer’s ability to detect minute resistance changes at the picosecond scale represents the first practical application of viscous electronics, a groundbreaking step in designing next-generation devices based on quantum materials.

Researchers Develop Machine Learning Model to Predict Dielectric Function of Materials: Researchers from the University of Tokyo and CURIE have created a machine learning model to predict the dielectric function of materials efficiently, replacing complex, resource-intensive first-principle quantum mechanical calculations. Their work offers a faster and accurate method for predicting dielectric polarization, a crucial aspect for developing dielectric materials that support modern technologies like 6G networks. By training on first-principle calculations based on atomic chemical bonds, the model proved nearly as accurate as traditional methods but with reduced computational cost, facilitating large-scale simulations. This model paves the way for new applications, with potential expansion to complex molecules and industrial uses.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

AI Facial Filters in Real-Time Dating Impact Romantic Attraction, Study Shows: University of Glasgow researchers have found that real-time AI facial filters, particularly those enhancing smiles, can influence romantic attraction. In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, participants in video speed-dating sessions were unknowingly shown altered versions of their faces, with smiles subtly aligned or misaligned to their partner’s expressions. Aligned smiles increased feelings of attraction, shaped vocal and facial mirroring behaviors, and even led participants to believe their date was more attracted to them. This effect persisted even without participants viewing their own transformed faces. The study underscores both scientific insights into social attraction mechanisms and ethical concerns about the growing prevalence of realistic AI filters. Lead author Dr. Pablo Arias-Sarah emphasizes the need for ethical guidelines as such technology becomes increasingly accessible.

New AI Model Enhances Clarity of 4D STEM Images for Sensitive Material Analysis: Researchers at Monash University have created an advanced AI model, known as unsupervised deep denoising, which significantly improves the quality of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) images. This new method enhances image clarity while using low electron doses, allowing for the study of fragile materials like those in batteries and solar cells without causing damage. Developed by Monash's School of Physics and Astronomy and the Center for Electron Microscopy, the model reduces noise by analyzing the relationship between electron beam positions and scattering patterns. This breakthrough could advance research in fields such as nanotechnology and electronics by making it possible to study materials previously deemed too sensitive.

ENGINEERING

Octopus-Inspired Robot Pushes Boundaries in Underwater Robotics: Researchers at the National University of Singapore, led by Prof. Cecilia Laschi, have developed a new, energy-efficient robot that emulates the unique swimming capabilities of octopuses. The team, working with a simplified design compared to previous octopus-inspired models, developed a robotic system with eight soft, umbrella-actuated arms, driven by two motors that efficiently propel it underwater. The robot's innovative design reduces mechanical complexity, minimizes backward drag, and achieves a peak speed of 314 mm/s. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, search and rescue, and underwater exploration. Future research aims to enhance the platform's energy efficiency and control autonomy, contributing to advancements across underwater robotics, biomedical assistance, and industrial applications.

Breakthrough 3D-Printed Alloy with Enhanced Cryogenic Performance for Space Applications: Researchers at the Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) have developed a high-performance metal alloy for 3D printing, optimized for space and cryogenic applications. By adding a small amount of carbon to the CoCrFeMnNi alloy and using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) method, the team created an alloy with finely distributed nano-carbides, leading to improved tensile strength and ductility, surpassing carbon-free alloys by over 140% at temperatures as low as -196°C. This technology offers a roadmap for designing alloys tailored for extreme environments, enhancing the longevity and resilience of components like fuel injectors and turbine nozzles in space exploration. The innovation addresses the challenges of low-temperature toughness in conventional 3D-printed alloys, promising improved performance in space launch vehicles.

Polystyrene Waste Turned into Static Electricity Generator for Sustainable Energy Solutions: In a promising sustainability breakthrough, researchers from RMIT University, in collaboration with Riga Technical University, have repurposed waste polystyrene into thin patches capable of generating static electricity through motion and wind. This technology could help reduce power consumption by recycling wasted energy from air conditioners and other high-traffic areas. The static-generating patch, made of multiple ultra-thin layers of polystyrene, can harness up to 230 volts under optimal conditions, producing usable electricity from sources like turbulent air conditioning exhausts or foot traffic. This innovation, which is both stable and long-lasting, could lower air conditioning energy demand by up to 5% and potentially reduce the carbon footprint of various systems. RMIT is seeking commercial partnerships to further develop this invention, which builds on a deeper understanding of nanoscale static electricity mechanics.

ASTRONOMY & SPACE

New Insights from Chandra Data Reveal Surprising Dynamics in Black Hole Jets: A University of Michigan-led study using over 20 years of data from NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory has uncovered surprising findings about the particle jets emitted by the supermassive black hole in the Centaurus A galaxy. These jets, which emit X-rays and radio waves, reveal distinct features depending on the wavelength observed. Using a computer algorithm, lead author David Bogensberger tracked moving "knots" within the X-ray jet, noting that some moved at nearly 94% the speed of light—significantly faster than previous radio observations, which measured speeds of around 80% of light speed. Additionally, the fastest knot was observed in an intermediate region of the jet, challenging previous assumptions that speed decreases with distance from the black hole. This study highlights the need for further exploration of high-energy jets and suggests new approaches for understanding black hole environments.

Mars' Magnetic Field May Have Protected Potential Life Longer Than Previously Thought, Harvard Study Suggests: New research from Harvard University’s Paleomagnetics Lab suggests Mars retained its protective magnetic field, or "dynamo," until about 3.9 billion years ago, extending its life-supporting potential by hundreds of millions of years beyond previous estimates. Using simulations, the team proposes that large Martian impact basins, previously thought to indicate an early shutdown of the planet's dynamo, could have formed during periods of magnetic polarity reversal rather than a complete field absence. Their findings challenge long-standing assumptions and build on earlier studies using Martian meteorites, offering a revised timeline that keeps Mars’ magnetic shield active for longer. This extended magnetic protection could have supported a more habitable environment, altering our understanding of early Martian history and habitability.

Researchers Discover One of the Fastest-Spinning Neutron Stars in the Universe: Researchers at DTU Space have observed an exceptionally fast-spinning neutron star, part of the X-ray binary star system 4U 1820-30, located in the Sagittarius constellation. This neutron star, detected through NASA’s NICER X-ray telescope, spins at an astonishing rate of 716 rotations per second, placing it among the fastest-spinning objects known. Neutron stars, remnants of massive supernovae, are incredibly dense—this one is only 12 km in diameter but has a mass 1.4 times that of the Sun. As it pulls material from a companion white dwarf, intense thermonuclear explosions occur, emitting energy up to 100,000 times brighter than the Sun. These findings offer crucial insights into the life cycles of binary systems and the creation of elements in the universe, providing an extraordinary glimpse into the dynamics of extreme cosmic phenomena.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Study Reveals Link Between Olfactory Loss and Inflammation in 139 Medical Conditions, Pointing to New Therapeutic Avenues: Researchers from the Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences and The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities have identified a significant connection between olfactory loss and inflammation across 139 medical conditions. Led by professor emeritus Michael Leon, the team found that olfactory dysfunction could serve as an early marker for various diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, potentially due to shared inflammatory pathways. The study also highlights the therapeutic potential of olfactory enrichment, as pleasant scents have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve memory in older adults. Building on these findings, Leon and his team are developing a device to deliver olfactory therapy, offering a non-invasive treatment option to mitigate symptoms and improve health outcomes.

New Machine Learning Approach Identifies Threonine as a Potential Anti-Aging Metabolite, Bypassing Animal Trials: Researchers at the Buck Institute have developed a groundbreaking machine-learning methodology to identify key metabolites affecting lifespan, bypassing traditional animal testing. By analyzing metabolomic, phenotypic, and genomic data from fruit flies and cross-referencing it with human data from the UK Biobank, the team discovered that threonine—a metabolite known for roles in metabolism and immune function—extended lifespan in specific fly strains and was linked to better health in humans. The study suggests threonine as a promising candidate for aging interventions and demonstrates a scalable approach for identifying potential human therapies without the need for costly mouse studies. The team also found orotate, a metabolite associated with fat metabolism, was linked to shorter lifespan in both flies and humans. This method may significantly accelerate geroscience research and precision medicine for aging by focusing on conserved human metabolites.

NEUROSCIENCE

New High-Resolution Imaging Maps Connections Between the Brainstem and Cortex, Revealing Brainstem's Role in Cognitive Function: Using advanced 7-Tesla MRI technology, researchers at McGill University, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School have mapped the connections between the human brainstem and cortex with unprecedented detail. Their study provides one of the most comprehensive reconstructions of human brain connectivity, including 58 brainstem nuclei. The research reveals that the brainstem, traditionally understood to control essential functions like breathing and consciousness, also significantly influences cognitive functions previously attributed solely to the cortex. By correlating these connections with neurochemical and cellular data, the team created a detailed atlas that may enhance understanding of brain health and disease. This mapping could serve as a foundational resource for studying neural pathways in conditions affecting cognition, psychiatric health, and neurological function.

Study Finds Links Between Lifetime Cannabis Use and Brain Structure Changes, But Causality Remains Unclear: A new study suggests that lifetime cannabis use is linked to changes in brain structure and function, particularly impacting white matter integrity and resting-state neuronal connectivity. Using data from nearly 16,000 UK Biobank participants, researchers observed these effects most notably in the corpus callosum, a key communication bridge between brain hemispheres. However, through Mendelian randomization—using genetic analysis to explore causality—the study found no genetic basis for a causal relationship between cannabis use and these brain changes. Researchers point to potential unmeasured factors, such as lifestyle or medication use, which may explain the discrepancies between observational and genetic findings. The study’s limitations, including a lack of diversity and the reliance on participant memory, highlight the need for further research, especially on the effects of heavy cannabis use and potency levels, to better inform public health policies.

Study Links Early Harsh Parenting to Widespread Brain Changes and Long-Term Mental Health Impacts: A study from the University of Michigan reveals that early harsh parenting can broadly disrupt brain communication, while later exposure impacts specific areas like the corticolimbic circuit, which regulates emotions. Researchers used data from a 21-year study tracking low-income families, focusing on the effects of parenting at ages 3, 5, and 9 on brain development and later mental health. Neuroimaging data at age 15 showed that early harsh parenting affected whole-brain organization, whereas middle-childhood warmth strengthened connections in the amygdala, a brain region critical for processing emotions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents who experienced early warm parenting showed reduced anxiety and depression, highlighting sensitive periods when the brain is especially receptive to external influences. The findings suggest early interventions and supportive policies may promote healthier long-term development.

ENVIRONMENT

Thawing Permafrost Predicted to Be a Short-Term Greenhouse Gas Source but Long-Term Neutral, Study Finds: A new study examines the complex impact of thawing permafrost on greenhouse gas emissions in boreal forests and Arctic tundra. Researchers led by Hugelius analyzed extensive datasets through both "bottom-up" (soil and vegetation emissions) and "top-down" (atmospheric measurements) approaches, finding that while the northern permafrost region is likely to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions over the next 20 years, it may reach a neutral balance over the next century. The short-term emissions primarily stem from methane released by wetlands and water bodies, whereas long-lived carbon dioxide emissions balance between uptake by forests and release through wildfires and rivers. The study’s differing emissions estimates underscore the need for further research in this remote, complex region, which holds twice as much carbon as the Earth’s atmosphere and could significantly impact climate change.

Shrinking Salton Sea Worsens Respiratory Health for Nearby Children, USC Study Finds: A USC study reveals that dust from the receding Salton Sea is contributing to high rates of respiratory issues among children living nearby. The study, which focused on a predominantly low-income, Latino/Hispanic community, found that 24% of children in the area have asthma—significantly higher than national averages. As the Salton Sea shrinks due to reduced agricultural runoff, increased dust events release harmful particulates like arsenic and lead, worsening respiratory symptoms such as asthma, coughing, and sleep disturbances, especially for those within 7 miles of the shoreline. Climate change and conservation efforts, while aiming to address other environmental concerns, are unintentionally exacerbating the problem by exposing more lakebed dust. Researchers emphasize the need to integrate public health protections into environmental and economic policies to mitigate these health risks.

NATURE

Massive Cod Predation Event Highlights Vulnerability of Capelin During Spawning Season: In a study, researchers from MIT and Norway documented a rare large-scale predation event involving Atlantic cod and capelin fish along Norway's coast. During the capelin’s spawning season, billions of these small Arctic fish formed massive shoals. Using the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) system, scientists observed that these dense capelin groups became significant targets for migrating cod, which also formed a coordinated shoal and consumed over 10 million capelin within hours. The study, led by MIT professor Nicholas Makris, emphasizes that while this event alone is unlikely to harm the capelin population, increasing climate pressures may amplify similar predation risks in the future, potentially destabilizing this keystone species and impacting broader marine ecosystems.

ORNL Develops Sustainable 3D-Printed Roosting Structures for Endangered Bats:
Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have designed an eco-friendly, bioderived material for 3D printing custom roosts that support endangered bat populations. Composed of pine wood flour and biodegradable polylactic acid polymer, this material offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic options, promoting healthier, more natural bat behaviors by discouraging overcrowding in roosts. Overpopulation in traditional artificial habitats can increase disease risk and make bats vulnerable to severe weather. The ORNL team, led by wildlife ecologist Evin Carter, aims to create roosting structures that mimic natural habitats and reduce population densities. The material’s versatility also makes it a candidate for other wildlife habitats, such as bird and bee shelters, and even lightweight electric vehicle components.

OTHER SCIENCES & THE ARTS

Teacher Perceptions of Student Math Success Linked to Gender and Racial Biases, Study Finds: A recent study surveying 400 math teachers across the U.S. reveals that educators often attribute student success in math differently based on gender and race. When girls, Black, or Hispanic students excel, teachers tend to ascribe their achievements to internal factors, like innate ability and effort. In contrast, boys' and Asian or white students' success is more often credited to external factors, such as parental involvement and cultural expectations. Conducted by presenting teachers with hypothetical performance data, the study found that those who personally experienced racial discrimination in math were more inclined to attribute Black and Hispanic students' achievements to ability. This attribution style impacts teacher expectations and responses, potentially reinforcing stereotypes that can affect student confidence and performance.