Electrically Zapping Sand Creates Rock to Prevent Coastal Erosion

Hello and welcome to Monday’s STEAM newsletter.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Rare Cell Division Discovered in Human Mouth Bacteria, and more.

• Technology and AI - Intelligence Significantly Influences Computer Proficiency, Study Finds, Algorithm Inspired by the Nervous System Enhances Bipartite Matching, and more.

• Engineering - New Structure Developed to Control Machine Vibrations, and more.

• Astronomy & Space - Researchers Investigate Properties of a Newborn Stellar Cluster, and more.

• Health & Medicine - New Light-Based Technique Achieves 90% Accuracy in Early Prostate Cancer Detection, and more.

• Neuroscience - How Neighboring Synapses Coordinate Response to Plasticity Signals.

• Environment - Electrically Zapping Sand Creates Rock to Prevent Coastal Erosion, and more.

• Nature - Bat Toes Glow Under UV Light, Possibly for Communication, House Sparrows' Immune Systems Show High Tolerance to Infections, and more.

• Other Sciences & Arts - Study Finds Gun-Free Zones Do Not Attract Mass Shootings, and more.

Until Tomorrow.

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Rare Cell Division Discovered in Human Mouth Bacteria: Researchers from the Marine Biological Laboratory have discovered that Corynebacterium matruchotii, a common bacterium in human dental plaque, reproduces using a rare process called multiple fission, where a single cell splits into multiple offspring at once. This unique division method, combined with growth only at one end of the cell, may help these bacteria form dense biofilms in the mouth, offering insights into microbial ecosystems and their impact on oral health.

New Gel Prevents Leaks and Enhances Lithium-Ion Battery Life: Chemists at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg have developed a novel gel that prevents electrolyte leakage in lithium-ion batteries, improving safety and extending battery life. The gel combines the high conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the stability of polymers, remaining stable at higher voltages than traditional designs. This innovative approach could lead to more efficient and sustainable batteries, although further research is needed before large-scale production.

Copper Iodide Nanoclusters: A Green Solution for Healthy Lighting: Scientists from Zhejiang University have developed copper iodide nanoclusters that provide a stable, environment-friendly lighting solution. These nanoclusters, which are synthesized using a one-step solution process, offer high luminescent efficiency, ambient stability, and reduced blue light emissions. This technology could replace conventional lighting methods, which often use toxic or rare-earth metals, and presents a sustainable and low-cost alternative for healthy lighting applications.

Earthquake-Generated Electricity May Explain Large Gold Nuggets: Researchers from Monash University propose that the formation of giant gold nuggets could be linked to piezoelectricity generated by earthquakes. Quartz, a common host of gold deposits, produces electric charges under mechanical stress, like during seismic activity. Experiments showed that this electrical activity could cause gold to precipitate onto existing grains, explaining the growth of large nuggets in quartz veins over time.

Fungus Converts Food Waste into Protein-Rich, Tasty Meals: Scientists are using a type of fungus to transform food waste into a nutritious, protein-rich food source. The process involves fermenting food scraps with a fungus that grows rapidly and converts the waste into an edible product that could serve as an alternative to traditional protein sources. This innovation could help reduce food waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a sustainable food option for the growing global population.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

Intelligence Significantly Influences Computer Proficiency, Study Finds: A new study from Aalto University suggests that general cognitive abilities, such as memory and attention, are more critical to computer proficiency than previously thought. Researchers discovered that intelligence affects a person's ability to perform computer tasks as much as experience, challenging the assumption that practice alone can close digital skill gaps. This finding highlights the need for simpler user interfaces to promote digital equality.

Algorithm Inspired by the Nervous System Enhances Bipartite Matching: Researchers have developed a new algorithm for bipartite matching, inspired by the neural connections in animal nervous systems. By mimicking how neurons compete and reallocate resources to efficiently match with muscle fibers, the algorithm achieves near-optimal pairings in various applications, from ridesharing to organ donation. This neuroscience-based approach also offers privacy advantages, potentially transforming numerous fields that rely on efficient matching processes.

New Device for Sorting Photon States Advances Quantum Optical Computing: Researchers from Switzerland and Germany have developed a device that sorts photons by state, which could significantly advance quantum optical computer circuits. Using a quantum dot embedded in a microcavity, the device efficiently separates single-photon states from multi-photon states, achieving a high degree of control over photon interactions. This innovation opens new possibilities for quantum computing and other photonic technologies by allowing precise manipulation of light at the quantum level.

ENGINEERING

New Structure Developed to Control Machine Vibrations: Scientists have created a novel structure, termed a "metastructure," that effectively controls machine vibrations by combining materials with negative and positive stiffness properties. This design, which offers quasi-zero-stiffness characteristics, reduces vibrations, especially in low-frequency ranges, making it ideal for sensitive equipment in industries like aerospace, medical imaging, and semiconductor manufacturing. The structure's lightweight and adjustable nature enhances its potential applications across multiple fields.

Double-Helical Design Enhances Concrete Crack Resistance: Researchers at Princeton University have developed a new double-helical design for concrete that significantly boosts its crack resistance by up to 63%. Inspired by the scales of the ancient coelacanth fish, the technique involves arranging concrete into three-dimensional strands using robotic additive manufacturing. This innovative design allows for more durable building components, such as beams and columns, with improved structural integrity. The method also addresses deformation issues during fabrication by controlling the concrete's hardening process.

ASTRONOMY & SPACE

Researchers Investigate Properties of a Newborn Stellar Cluster: A team of astronomers has conducted detailed near-infrared observations of a newly formed stellar cluster, FSR 655, within the giant molecular cloud G148.24+00.41. Located 11,000 light-years away, the cluster is estimated to be 500,000 years old, with a current stellar mass of 180 solar masses. The study aims to understand its evolutionary stage, mass distribution, and potential future growth into a massive cluster.

Studying Asteroid Impacts: Insights from Rock-Smashing Experiments: Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have conducted experiments simulating asteroid impacts by smashing granular materials like rock and sand to understand their behavior under extreme force. Using X-ray imaging and computer models, they discovered that materials respond differently to high-speed impacts, with some grains melting and reforming. The findings can help improve asteroid deflection strategies and industrial processes by providing insights into how materials dissipate energy under impact.

The 'Golden Age' of Alien Hunting at the Green Bank Telescope: The Green Bank Telescope, the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescope, is at the forefront of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning have revitalized the field, allowing for more sophisticated analysis of cosmic signals in search of potential alien "technosignatures." The telescope’s location in the US National Radio Quiet Zone minimizes interference, enhancing its ability to detect faint signals from distant civilizations.

Solar Probes Reveal Secrets of Solar Wind Acceleration: The Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter have provided new insights into how the solar wind is powered, identifying Alfvén waves and magnetic switchbacks as key contributors to heating and accelerating the solar wind. Data from both probes show that the energy from these waves is transferred to the wind, explaining its unexpected acceleration and heat as it moves away from the sun. This discovery advances our understanding of solar and stellar winds, with implications for space weather and the habitability of exoplanets.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

New Light-Based Technique Achieves 90% Accuracy in Early Prostate Cancer Detection: Researchers at Aston University have developed a new non-invasive technique using polarized light to analyze blood samples for early detection of prostate cancer, achieving a 90% accuracy rate. This method examines changes in the microstructure of proteins in dehydrated blood, allowing for quicker, cheaper, and less traumatic diagnostics compared to traditional tissue biopsies. The breakthrough represents a significant advance in liquid biopsy technology, potentially improving cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.

Breakthrough in Blood Stem Cell Research Could Revolutionize Bone Marrow Transplants: Researchers at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute have developed lab-grown blood stem cells that closely resemble human cells, paving the way for personalized treatments for leukemia and bone marrow disorders. This breakthrough allows for the creation of patient-specific blood cells, potentially reducing complications from mismatched donors. The next steps include clinical trials to test these cells' safety in humans.

Rare Genetic Variants Linked to Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease in Young Adults: Researchers at UTHealth Houston have identified rare genetic variants associated with bicuspid aortic valve disease (BAVD) in young adults, which can lead to severe complications like aortic dissection. The study, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, suggests that these genetic variants could predict the need for early intervention and targeted treatments, highlighting the potential for genetic testing in affected families to prevent life-threatening outcomes.

Key Gene Mutations and Mechanisms Identified in Brain Bleeding and Dementia: Researchers from the University of Glasgow have identified gene mutations in COL4A1 and COL4A2 that cause cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), a leading contributor to brain bleeding and dementia. The study shows that these mutations reduce collagen IV levels, impairing blood vessel regulation. This discovery provides insight into the disease's early stages and suggests a potential therapeutic target for preventing strokes and dementia.

Fentanyl Vaccine Nearing Clinical Trials to Combat Opioid Crisis: A new fentanyl vaccine developed by the University of Houston is set to enter clinical trials in mid-2025. The vaccine aims to prevent fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid, from entering the brain and causing overdoses. Developed with a novel adjuvant to boost immune response, the vaccine has shown promise in animal studies. Researchers hope it will become a critical tool in the fight against the opioid epidemic, though challenges in recruiting participants and public acceptance remain.

NEUROSCIENCE

How Neighboring Synapses Coordinate Response to Plasticity Signals: A study by researchers from the University of Bonn and Japan reveals that neighboring synapses in the brain coordinate their response to plasticity signals through competition for molecular resources and spatial proximity. This coordination affects synaptic strength, impacting learning and memory processes. The study demonstrates that multiple synapses interact collectively rather than independently, influencing each other's plasticity. The findings could help understand cognitive functions and develop strategies against neurological disorders like Alzheimer's.

ENVIRONMENT

Electrically Zapping Sand Creates Rock to Prevent Coastal Erosion: Researchers have developed a technique to combat coastal erosion by transforming sand into a harder, rock-like material using electrical currents. This method, which involves applying electricity to seawater-soaked sand, induces mineral deposition that binds the grains together, creating a solid structure. The approach offers a potential new way to strengthen coastlines and protect them from the effects of rising sea levels and storm surges.

Secondary Ultrafine Particles Play a Major Role in Amazon Rainforest Aerosol Composition: Researchers have identified that secondary ultrafine particles, formed through complex atmospheric reactions, significantly contribute to the aerosol composition in the Amazon rainforest. These particles, originating from natural and anthropogenic sources, influence cloud formation and climate patterns. Understanding their dynamics is crucial for climate modeling and predicting changes in the Amazon, a critical global carbon sink.

Wildfires and Intense Rain Accelerate Hillside Erosion in California: A study by the U.S. Geological Survey reveals that post-fire erosion in Northern California has increased tenfold since the 1980s, largely due to more frequent and intense wildfires and rainstorms linked to climate change. This erosion threatens water resources, infrastructure, and ecosystems, particularly in areas upstream of reservoirs. Researchers emphasize the need for comprehensive mitigation efforts to manage the growing problem.

Global South Cities Face Lack of Cooling Green Spaces Amid Rising Temperatures: Research reveals that cities in the Global South lack green spaces that provide essential cooling benefits, exposing them to higher risks from extreme heat. The study found that these cities have just 70% of the "cooling capacity" provided by urban greenery compared to those in the Global North. Increasing urban green spaces can mitigate heat risks, but cities in the Global South lag in both the quantity and cooling efficiency of green areas.

Mode Shift Key to Reducing Australia's Transport Emissions by 2050: Transport emissions in Australia are projected to become the highest-emitting sector by 2030. To achieve net-zero by 2050, shifting to electric vehicles alone won't suffice; a "mode shift" is essential. This involves moving passengers and freight to lower-emission transport like electric rail and shipping. A study using the Inland Rail project as a case shows that electric rail and shipping have the lowest emissions, while air transport performs the worst. Shifting freight and passenger transport to these modes could significantly cut emissions, aiding Australia's climate goals.

NATURE

Bat Toes Glow Under UV Light, Possibly for Communication: A study published in Scientific Reports reveals that the toes of some bat species fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light. This phenomenon, which was previously undocumented in bats, could play a role in communication, mating, or hunting behaviors. The fluorescence is produced by proteins in the bat's skin, but the exact function remains unknown. Researchers suggest that this discovery could lead to new insights into the social behaviors and interactions of bats.

House Sparrows' Immune Systems Show High Tolerance to Infections: A new study reveals that house sparrows possess immune systems that are exceptionally tolerant to infections rather than overly aggressive in attacking pathogens. This tolerance might help the birds survive in diverse environments and resist infections without triggering damaging immune responses. The research suggests that such immune strategies could be key to understanding how some species thrive in challenging or changing environments.

Discovery of Key RNA Molecule in Butterfly Wing Pattern Development: Researchers have identified a specific RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in the development of butterfly wing patterns. This molecule helps regulate the expression of genes responsible for the formation of distinctive color and pattern elements on butterfly wings. The discovery enhances our understanding of how complex patterns evolve and may provide insights into the broader field of evolutionary biology and developmental genetics.

Island Wildlife Adapts in Remarkably Similar Ways Worldwide: A new study reveals that wildlife on islands around the world adapts in surprisingly similar ways despite diverse environments. Researchers found that species on different islands, like lizards and birds, independently evolved similar traits, such as body size and dietary habits. This phenomenon, known as convergent evolution, underscores how isolated ecosystems shape animal adaptation, offering insights into evolution and biodiversity.

Unique Species Thrive on Remote Seamounts in the Pacific Ocean: Scientists have discovered a variety of unique species living on remote seamounts in the Pacific Ocean. These isolated underwater mountains serve as biodiversity hotspots, hosting species not found anywhere else. The research emphasizes the ecological importance of seamounts and the need to protect them from threats like deep-sea mining and overfishing, which could disrupt these fragile ecosystems.

OTHER SCIENCE & ARTS

Study Finds Gun-Free Zones Do Not Attract Mass Shootings: A new study from UC Davis Health and other institutions challenges the belief that gun-free zones attract mass shooters. Analyzing 150 shooting incidents and 150 matched controls between 2014 and 2020, researchers found that active shootings were 62.5% less likely in gun-free areas than in gun-allowing locations. The findings suggest that gun-free zones may have a preventive effect on mass shootings.

Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of Monastic Care for Diseased Anglo-Saxons: Archaeologists from the University of Reading have discovered the remains of diseased Anglo-Saxons at a monastery in Cookham, indicating that monastic communities provided medical care over several generations. The excavation revealed numerous burials with signs of disease and healed injuries, suggesting that the monastery served as a center of healing. The findings provide rare physical evidence of the medical care practices in early medieval monastic communities.

Understanding Misinformation Spread in Times of Crisis: A study in the International Journal of Advanced Media and Communication explores how message content and source credibility influence the spread of information, including misinformation, on social media during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. It finds that while the content's emotional appeal and format affect sharing, source credibility plays a more significant role in determining information reach. Insights from this research could inform strategies to reduce misinformation spread in future crises.

Lessons from Ancient Civilizations on Keeping Homes Cool: Researchers are studying ancient architectural techniques used by civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to naturally cool homes, offering insights for modern sustainable design. These methods include thick walls, strategic ventilation, shading, and water features that regulate temperature without relying on energy-intensive air conditioning. By integrating these passive cooling techniques, today's architects can create energy-efficient buildings that are better suited to increasing global temperatures.