Breakthrough in Biohybrid Robotics - Smiling Robot Face Made from Living Human Skin Cells

Hello and welcome to Tuesday’s STEAM newsletter. We have some goodies in today’s edition from breakthrough in biohybrid robotics, to VOCs in plastic water bottles, climate change increasing stress on aging damns across the U.S., and more. So, let’s dive in.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Breakthrough in Anion Exchange Membranes Enhances Sustainability, and more.

• Technology and AI -Intersection of Art and Technology - Innovative Origami Computer Uses Folded Paper for Calculations, and more.

• Engineering - Breakthrough in Biohybrid Robotics - Smiling Robot Face Made from Living Human Skin Cells, Turtle-Inspired Robot Reduces Energy Costs with Diagonal Gait, and more.

• Space - Greenhouse Gases Could Indicate Alien Terraforming on Exoplanets, The Hidden Story of Trailblazing Black Astronauts at NASA, and more.

• Health & Medicine - Undetected Aircraft Pollutant Poses Health Risks, and more.

• Environment - Potential Hazards in Wastewater-Derived Fertilizers Identified, Climate Change Increases Stress on Aging Dams Across the U.S., and more.

• Nature - Insects Thrive in Small Urban Gardens with Non-Native Plants, and more.

• Industry - Air Conditioning Costs to be Covered for Public Housing Residents, Potential Supreme Court Ruling on Chevron Deference Could Threaten Science-Based Regulations, and more.

• World - China's Chang'e-6 Mission Brings Back Rocks from Far Side of the Moon, and more.

Happy Reading,

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Breakthrough in Anion Exchange Membranes Enhances Sustainability: Researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China have developed high-performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs) using a novel spiro-branched polymeric design. These membranes exhibit exceptional ion conductivity and stability, significantly improving flow battery performance. The innovation lies in creating sub-nanometer microporous ion channels that optimize ion transport. This advancement could revolutionize applications in energy storage, CO₂ conversion, and water electrolysis, marking a significant step toward more sustainable technologies.

Cheaper and More Convenient Method for Asbestos Detection Identified: Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have found that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can effectively detect asbestos, offering a cheaper and more convenient alternative to the traditional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This method, validated using NIST's standard reference material, promises to reduce costs and simplify asbestos testing, which is crucial for safer and more efficient asbestos abatement practices.

New Method for Degrading PFAS "Forever Chemicals" Shows Laboratory Success: Researchers from the University of New South Wales have developed a new catalyst system for degrading PFAS chemicals, known for their persistence in the environment. This method uses nano zero-valent metals and a porphyrin ring structure to break down strong carbon-fluoride bonds in branched PFAS compounds, achieving a 75% degradation rate within five hours. The innovative approach promises more efficient and environmentally friendly PFAS remediation, with potential for large-scale application in the future.

Radioactive Isotopes Reveal Hidden Arctic Ocean Currents: Scientists have used radioactive isotopes, specifically iodine-129 and uranium-236, to trace ocean currents in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin. These isotopes, released during nuclear reprocessing, help map the paths water takes from the Atlantic to the Arctic. The study found two main routes and indicated that transit times for Atlantic waters have remained stable over the past 15 years. This research enhances understanding of Arctic currents, crucial for predicting climate impacts.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

$1M Prize for AI That Can Solve Simple Human Puzzles: A $1 million prize is being offered for the development of an AI that can solve puzzles typically simple for humans but challenging for machines. The competition, announced by the AI research organization Open Philanthropy, aims to push the boundaries of AI capabilities in understanding and solving tasks requiring human-like reasoning and cognitive skills.

Intersection of Art and Technology - Innovative Origami Computer Uses Folded Paper for Calculations: Researchers have developed an origami-based computer that performs calculations using folded paper. This groundbreaking approach leverages the ancient art of paper folding to create mechanical logic gates and other computing components. By strategically folding paper, the researchers can execute complex computational tasks, demonstrating a unique intersection of art and technology. This origami computer could pave the way for low-cost, eco-friendly computing devices and open new possibilities for educational tools and tactile learning experiences.

Innovative AI Models Inspired by Marine Life: AI-Driven 'Cyberslug' and 'Cyberoctopus' Explore Novelty and Curiosity. Researchers have developed AI systems named 'Cyberslug' and 'Cyberoctopus,' inspired by the behavior of marine animals, to explore how artificial intelligence can exhibit curiosity and novelty-seeking behavior. These models mimic the neurological processes of sea slugs and octopuses, showing potential applications in robotics and AI that require adaptive and exploratory capabilities. The study demonstrates the benefits of incorporating biological principles into AI to enhance its learning and problem-solving abilities.

Carmen: AI-Enchanced Robot Companion for Cognitive Health: The Carmen robot is designed to assist people with mild cognitive impairments by providing companionship and mental stimulation. Utilizing AI, Carmen can engage users in interactive conversations, cognitive exercises, and daily reminders to support mental health and improve quality of life. This innovative approach aims to address the growing need for effective, personalized care in the aging population, leveraging technology to enhance cognitive function and emotional well-being.

AI Converts Text to Sign Language, but Accuracy Issues Persist: A new AI system aims to convert text into sign language, potentially bridging communication gaps for the deaf community. However, the current technology often produces unintelligible signs due to the complexity of accurately translating spoken languages into the nuanced gestures of sign language. Continuous improvements and collaborations with native sign language users are necessary to enhance the system's accuracy and reliability for effective communication.

ENGINEERING

Breakthrough in Biohybrid Robotics - Smiling Robot Face Made from Living Human Skin Cells: Researchers have developed a robot with a face made from living human skin cells, capable of realistic expressions, including smiling. This biohybrid approach combines robotics and tissue engineering to create more lifelike robots, potentially enhancing human-robot interaction in healthcare and service industries. The skin is cultivated from human cells, allowing it to heal and regenerate, providing a significant advancement in creating robots that can mimic human appearances and movements.

New High-Temperature Superconductor Exhibits Zero Resistance and Strange Metal Behavior - Revolutionary Material for Future Electronics: Researchers have discovered that La_3​Ni₂O₇​, a high-temperature superconductor, exhibits zero electrical resistance and strange metal behavior when subjected to high pressure. This breakthrough could lead to the development of advanced electronic devices that operate efficiently at higher temperatures. The study, involving collaboration between Zhejiang University and Sun Yat-Sen University, highlights the potential of this material to transform superconducting technology.

Turtle-Inspired Robot Reduces Energy Costs with Diagonal Gait: Researchers at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) have developed a tortoise-inspired robot that uses a unique diagonal gait to improve energy efficiency. By mimicking the movement of turtles, which drag their shells while moving their legs diagonally, the robot exhibits lower energy consumption. This innovation could enhance the performance of quadruped robots in various applications, from industrial settings to exploration missions.

Breakthrough in Electronics: Yttrium Doping Enhances 2D Transistors: Researchers have developed a new yttrium-doping strategy to improve the performance of two-dimensional (2D) transistors. By doping molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with yttrium, the team achieved better band alignment and reduced contact resistance, overcoming limitations in 2D semiconductor performance. This method, involving a plasma-deposition-annealing process, allows for ultra-short channel transistors with enhanced switching capabilities and lower power consumption, paving the way for advanced electronics with sub-1 nanometer node chips.

SPACE

Greenhouse Gases Could Indicate Alien Terraforming on Exoplanets: Researchers from UC Riverside propose that the presence of specific greenhouse gases could signal intelligent extraterrestrial activity. These gases, such as fluorinated methane and sulfur hexafluoride, are powerful and long-lived, potentially used by aliens to terraform planets. Detectable by current and future telescopes, these technosignatures would indicate technologically advanced civilizations altering their environments to make them habitable, similar to proposed human terraforming of Mars.

Scientists Challenge Standard Theories of Solar Convection with New Findings: Researchers at NYU Abu Dhabi have used sound waves to investigate the sun's supergranules, revealing new insights that challenge existing theories of solar convection. Their study, utilizing data from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, found that the downflows of these supergranules are weaker than expected. This suggests that small-scale plumes, undetectable by current methods, could be transporting cooler plasma into the sun's interior. These findings prompt a reevaluation of the widely accepted mixing-length theory of solar convection.

New Research Challenges Black Holes as Dark Matter Explanation: Recent findings by astronomers from the OGLE survey at the University of Warsaw suggest that massive black holes contribute minimally to dark matter. The study, based on nearly 20 years of data, shows that black holes comprise at most a few percent of dark matter. This challenges the hypothesis that primordial black holes, formed in the early universe, account for a significant portion of dark matter. Other explanations for the nature of dark matter and the origins of massive black holes are now being considered.

The Hidden Story of Trailblazing Black Astronauts at NASA - Their Pioneering Contributions and Challenges: A new documentary by National Geographic, titled "The Space Race," explores the overlooked history of NASA's first Black astronauts. The film details the experiences of pioneering individuals such as Guion S. Bluford, the first Black astronaut to travel to space, and Leland Melvin, who became famous for his NASA portrait featuring his dogs. These astronauts, alongside others, navigated significant social and racial barriers to contribute to NASA's achievements in space exploration.

The documentary emphasizes the importance of recognizing these trailblazers who not only broke racial barriers but also played crucial roles in various space missions, from deploying satellites to participating in the construction of the International Space Station. Their stories are not just about their contributions to space exploration but also about their fight for equality and representation in one of the most prestigious fields of science and technology. 

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Undetected Aircraft Pollutant Poses Health Risks: Recent research highlights a previously overlooked pollutant from airplane engines that could have serious health impacts on millions of people. The study found that ultrafine particles, smaller than 100 nanometers, are released in significant quantities during air travel. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, posing risks of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The findings underscore the need for stricter regulations and further research into the health effects of aviation-related pollution.

Health Risk Concerns Over VOCs in Plastic Water Bottles: A study by the Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences reveals that plastic water bottles release harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when exposed to sunlight. These emissions include toxic and carcinogenic substances, posing significant health risks. The findings call for safer materials and stricter regulations in the bottled water industry to protect consumers.

Targeted Exercises Can Enhance Stability and Prevent Injuries in Older Adults: A recent article in Scientific American emphasizes the importance of exercise in reducing the risk of falls among older adults. It highlights various types of exercises, including balance training, strength exercises, and regular walking, which have been shown to significantly decrease the likelihood of falls. Implementing a structured exercise regimen can improve muscle strength, coordination, and overall stability, helping older adults maintain their independence and reduce the risk of serious injuries.

Dangerous Mpox Strain Spreading in Democratic Republic of the Congo: A highly dangerous strain of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is spreading rapidly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The new variant has shown increased transmissibility and severity, prompting concerns among health officials. Efforts are underway to contain the outbreak and understand the virus's mutations to prevent further spread and develop effective treatments.

ENVIRONMENT

Potential Hazards in Wastewater-Derived Fertilizers Identified: Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have found potentially hazardous organic chemicals in biosolid fertilizers, which are derived from wastewater treatment processes. Using advanced analytical techniques, they identified common contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals in samples from various locations. These findings, published in Environmental Science & Technology, highlight the need for further research and potential regulation to ensure the safe use of biosolids in agriculture and landscaping.

Innovative Solutions to Fashion's Environmental Problems: The fashion industry is exploring groundbreaking methods to reduce its environmental footprint. One approach involves using indican, a natural dye precursor, to minimize the chemical impact of denim dyeing. Another innovative solution employs bacteria to break down synthetic fabrics, promoting more sustainable recycling processes. Additionally, the development of smart clothing with embedded sensors aims to decrease laundry frequency, thereby conserving water and energy. These initiatives represent significant strides towards a more eco-friendly fashion industry.

Climate Change Increases Stress on Aging Dams Across the U.S.: Climate change is exacerbating the stress on thousands of aging dams across the United States. These structures, many of which were built decades ago, are now facing increased risks due to more frequent and intense weather events. As rainfall patterns change and extreme weather becomes more common, the structural integrity and safety of these dams are compromised. This situation calls for urgent attention to the maintenance and upgrading of dam infrastructure to prevent potential failures and ensure public safety.

Warm Water Under Antarctic Ice Accelerates Melting: Warm water seeping beneath Antarctic ice sheets is accelerating their melting, according to recent research. This process destabilizes the ice, leading to increased ice flow into the ocean and contributing to global sea level rise. The study highlights the urgent need to understand and monitor subglacial water flows to predict future sea level changes accurately and develop effective mitigation strategies.

Giant Viruses in Arctic Ice Could Help Mitigate Sea Level Rise: Researchers have discovered giant viruses in Arctic ice that could influence the rate of sea level rise. These viruses have unique properties that affect the microbial communities involved in carbon cycling, potentially slowing the melting of ice and thus mitigating sea level rise. This finding opens up new avenues for understanding and possibly leveraging natural processes to combat climate change.

NATURE

Stunning Imagery of Insect World: A new photo series reveals the intricate and often overlooked beauty of insects. The images highlight the vibrant colors, detailed patterns, and unique forms of various insect species, showcasing their aesthetic appeal and ecological significance. This collection not only fascinates with its visual splendor but also emphasizes the importance of insects in biodiversity and ecosystems.

Insects Thrive in Small Urban Gardens with Non-Native Plants: A study highlighted by New Scientist has revealed that insects, including pollinators like bees, flourish in tiny urban gardens even when these gardens feature non-native plants. The research found that urban gardens, regardless of plant origin, offer diverse and abundant floral resources that support insect populations. This challenges the traditional preference for exclusively native plants in urban settings and suggests that non-native plants can also play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity in cities.

INDUSTRY

Potential Supreme Court Ruling on Chevron Deference Could Threaten Science-Based Regulations: The U.S. Supreme Court's reconsideration of the Chevron deference doctrine could undermine the implementation of science-based regulations. The Chevron doctrine allows courts to defer to federal agencies' expertise in interpreting ambiguous laws, a principle vital for enforcing regulations on complex issues such as environmental protection and public health. A decision to weaken Chevron deference, prompted by cases supported by conservative and industry groups, could shift decision-making power to generalist judges, potentially leading to less scientifically informed regulatory outcomes. This change poses significant risks to the enforcement of essential regulations aimed at safeguarding public well-being.

Air Conditioning Costs to be Covered for Public Housing Residents: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has announced new guidelines allowing public housing agencies to use federal funds to cover air conditioning costs for residents. This decision aims to address the increasing threat of extreme heat, which poses significant health risks, especially to low-income families. Public housing agencies can now utilize the Public Housing Capital Fund and Operating Fund to purchase and install air conditioning units and cover associated utility costs. This move is part of a broader effort to enhance the living conditions of public housing residents and ensure their safety during extreme heat events.

EU Investigates Apple for App Store Breaches: The European Union has launched an investigation into Apple for potential breaches of antitrust laws related to its App Store policies. The probe focuses on Apple's restrictions on app developers, which may stifle competition and innovation within the digital market. This investigation could lead to significant changes in how Apple operates its App Store within the EU, aiming to ensure fair competition and consumer choice.

US to Launch GOES-U Satellite to Enhance Space Weather Forecasting: The US plans to launch the GOES-U satellite to improve predictions of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which can disrupt power grids and communications. Set to orbit from NASA's Kennedy Space Center, GOES-U is the final satellite in the GOES-R series and includes the first coronagraph for continuous observation of the solar corona. This will enable better tracking of space weather events, potentially preventing disruptions to satellites, energy infrastructure, and navigation systems.

WORLD

China's Chang'e-6 Mission Brings Back Rocks from Far Side of the Moon: China's Chang'e-6 mission has successfully returned with the first-ever samples collected from the far side of the moon. This landmark achievement provides scientists with a unique opportunity to study the composition and history of the lunar surface, potentially offering new insights into the moon's geology and the broader processes of the solar system.

South Sudan Hosts World's Largest Land Mammal Migration Amid Rising Poaching Threat: South Sudan's first comprehensive aerial wildlife survey reveals about 6 million antelope, making it the largest land mammal migration globally. Conducted by African Parks and the government, the survey highlights threats from increasing commercial poaching due to improved road access and economic hardship. Despite government efforts to promote sustainable tourism and protect wildlife, challenges remain, including underfunded and underequipped wildlife rangers.

UNESCO Calls for Urgent Action to Protect the Great Barrier Reef: UNESCO has urged Australia to take immediate and sustained measures to protect the Great Barrier Reef, emphasizing the need for more ambitious climate targets. Despite acknowledging efforts in water quality and gill-net fishing restrictions, UNESCO highlighted ongoing threats like land clearing and mass coral bleaching. The organization requested an update on protection efforts by early next year and warned of the reef's continued vulnerability, stopping short of listing it as an endangered heritage site.