Algae-Based Microrobots Deliver Chemotherapy Directly to Lung Tumors

Hello and welcome to Wednesday's newsletter. We have another exciting and informative edition to help you get through the rest of the week.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Efficient Water-Splitting Catalyst Predicted by Theory, Earth's Inner Core Rotation Slows Down.

• Technology and AI - AI-Powered Wearable Tracks Smart Pills in 3D.

• Engineering - Researchers Develop Eco-Friendly Floor Panels to Replace Steel, Thermoelectric Devices Could Address Overheating in Transistors.

• Health & Medicine - Climate Change Linked to Increased Cardiovascular Health Risks, Safe Anesthetic Technique for Children's Airway Surgery Confirmed, Early Life Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Affects Brain Development.

• Environment - Key Drivers of Plant Community Stability in Mongolian Grasslands Identified, Environmental Impact of Cocaine Trafficking.

• Nature - Ants Use Moonlight Polarization for Nocturnal Navigation, Flowers Detect Bees Using Electric Signals, Pacific Coast Gray Whales Shorten by 13% in Past 20–30 Years.

• Education - Scientists Help Students Overcome Research Experience Barrier with SkillsCenter.

• Industry News - Flying Taxis to be Tested During Paris Olympics 2024, High-Power EV Charging Safety and Reliability Enhanced by New Profiles.

Happy Reading.

~The STEAM Digest

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This newsletter is curated by The STEAM Digest.

SCIENCE

Efficient Water-Splitting Catalyst Predicted by Theory: Scientists from Brookhaven National Laboratory and Columbia University have developed a new, highly efficient catalyst for water-splitting, predicted by theoretical calculations. This catalyst, composed of iridium oxide layers over titanium nitride, significantly reduces the amount of expensive iridium required. Testing confirmed the catalyst's efficiency, outperforming current commercial catalysts. This breakthrough could lower the cost of green hydrogen production, though scaling up remains a challenge.

Machine Learning Optimizes Deicing with Salts and Organic Solvents: Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University used machine learning to identify a highly effective and environmentally friendly deicing mixture. By analyzing the ice-melting mechanisms of 21 salts and 16 organic solvents, they discovered that a combination of propylene glycol and aqueous sodium formate outperformed current commercial deicers. This mixture requires less material, reducing environmental impact and corrosion, making it ideal for applications like airport runways.

Scientists Engineer High Oil-Yielding Yellow-Seeded Camelina: Researchers at Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a yellow-seeded variety of Camelina sativa that produces 21.4% more oil than standard varieties. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, they targeted and disrupted the TT8 gene, responsible for seed color and oil production regulation. This breakthrough could significantly boost oil output for biofuels and other bioproducts, aiding efforts to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from transportation fuels.

New Theory Explains How Waves Convey Environmental Information: Researchers at TU Wien, Austria have developed a new theory detailing how waves gather and transmit information about their surroundings. The study uses mathematical precision to describe the "Fisher information" within waves, showing how this information is preserved and transported. The theory, confirmed through microwave experiments, has potential applications in enhancing imaging technologies and sensors by optimizing waveforms and detector positioning.

Earth's Inner Core Rotation Slows Down: Scientists from the University of Southern California have confirmed that Earth's inner core has been slowing down relative to the planet's surface since around 2010. This finding, published in Nature, resolves a long-standing debate about the inner core's rotation speed. The study utilized seismic data from repeating earthquakes and nuclear tests to reveal this shift. The slowed rotation may slightly alter the length of a day, but its full implications are yet to be understood.

NASA's Chandra Observatory Examines Habitability of Exoplanets: NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton have been used to study radiation from nearby stars to determine the habitability of their exoplanets. The research focuses on how stellar radiation affects planetary atmospheres, crucial for sustaining life. These findings will help prioritize exoplanet targets for future telescopes aiming to capture the first images of Earth-like planets.

Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Genomes of Deadly Malaria Parasites to Trace Origins and Spread: Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have reconstructed the genomes of the two deadliest malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, from ancient DNA. Spanning 5,500 years and five continents, this study reveals that trade, warfare, and colonialism significantly influenced malaria's global spread. The findings offer new insights into the historical impact and evolution of malaria, which continues to pose a major health threat today.

TECHNOLOGY AND AI

AI-Powered Wearable Tracks Smart Pills in 3D: Researchers at the University of Southern California have developed an AI-enabled wearable system that accurately tracks the 3D movement of ingestible devices in the gut. This innovation, which uses a wearable coil and AI to detect pill location and gas concentrations, could revolutionize gastrointestinal health monitoring by allowing at-home diagnostics and reducing the need for invasive procedures. The study's findings are detailed in Cell Reports Physical Science.

Smartwatches Provide Insight into Parkinson's Disease Progression: Research from the University of Rochester Medical Center demonstrates that smartwatches, like the Apple Watch, can effectively track the progression of Parkinson's disease. The study, published in npj Parkinson's Disease, found that these devices can detect changes in symptoms such as gait and tremor over time, offering a promising tool for remote monitoring and potentially accelerating the development of new treatments by providing continuous, real-world data.

AI Offers New Hope in Combating Antibiotic Resistance: Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have developed an AI tool to tackle antibiotic resistance by mining ancient and modern genetic data. The AI, named APEX, rapidly identifies new antibiotic candidates from vast proteomes, potentially reducing the drug development timeline significantly. This breakthrough aims to address the growing global health crisis caused by drug-resistant bacteria, responsible for nearly 5 million deaths annually.

ENGINEERING

Researchers Develop Eco-Friendly Floor Panels to Replace Steel: Researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Maine have created a recyclable, 3D-printed floor panel made from natural materials. These panels, designed to replace traditional steel and concrete in multistory buildings, offer comparable strength and a reduced environmental impact. Made from polylactic acid (PLA) and wood flour, the panels demonstrate the potential for sustainable construction and modular building techniques. This innovation was showcased at the 2024 Housing Innovation Showcase.

Thermoelectric Devices Could Address Overheating in Transistors: Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University propose using thermoelectric devices (TEDs) to manage heat in shrinking transistors. These devices actively cool specific hot spots within circuits, enhancing performance and reliability. Utilizing high thermal conductivity materials, TEDs can eliminate high-frequency temperature variations, providing a targeted solution to overheating issues in microprocessors. This innovation represents a significant step forward in optimizing cooling systems for modern electronic components.

Autonomous Weeding Robot Enhances Agricultural Efficiency: Researchers at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland have developed an autonomous robot capable of identifying and removing invasive Rumex longifolius weeds. Utilizing GNSS navigation and 3D computer vision, the robot mechanically uproots seedlings without herbicides, reducing environmental damage and protecting livestock from toxic plants. Field tests have proven its effectiveness, though further improvements are needed for optimal performance in varied conditions.

AI-Driven Strategy Advances Robotic Exoskeleton Use: Researchers have developed an AI-powered method to enhance the functionality of robotic exoskeletons, improving human mobility without extensive pre-programming. This technology uses data-driven simulations to train exoskeletons for activities like walking and climbing stairs, significantly reducing energy expenditure. This innovation promises broader applications for both able-bodied individuals and those with mobility impairments, potentially benefiting astronauts and factory workers as well.

Biomechanics Study Sheds Light on Bad Hair Days: A team at Trinity College Dublin has used biomechanics to study hair splitting, discovering why some hair is more prone to split ends. Their research, led by Professor David Taylor, involved a machine that mimics hair damage. The findings reveal that treatments like bleaching exacerbate hair splitting, offering valuable insights for the cosmetics industry and helping consumers better manage hair health.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Algae-Based Microrobots Deliver Chemotherapy Directly to Lung Tumors: Researchers at the University of California San Diego have developed microrobots made from algae to enhance cancer treatment by delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to lung tumors. These microrobots, powered by the natural movement of algae and guided by magnetic fields, offer a targeted approach that can navigate through the respiratory system to reach tumors more effectively. The algae-based microrobots also feature a biocompatible coating to evade the immune system, ensuring they reach their target without being neutralized by the body's defenses. This innovative method aims to improve the precision and efficacy of cancer treatment, reducing side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy.

Early Life Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Affects Brain Development: A study by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health reveals that exposure to extreme heat and cold during early life affects the development of white matter in the brain. MRI scans of preadolescents showed that children exposed to such temperatures had slower white matter maturation, particularly those from poorer neighborhoods. This highlights the need for public health strategies to protect vulnerable communities from climate change's impacts.

Climate Change Linked to Increased Cardiovascular Health Risks: A systematic review by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center highlights that climate change-related disturbances, such as extreme temperatures and hurricanes, are linked to worse cardiovascular health outcomes. Vulnerable groups, including older adults and lower-income communities, are disproportionately affected. The study, published in JAMA Cardiology, emphasizes the need for urgent action to mitigate climate-related cardiovascular risks and improve healthcare resilience against environmental stressors.

Safe Anesthetic Technique for Children's Airway Surgery Confirmed: Researchers from the University of Queensland, Australia have validated a high-flow oxygen delivery method as safe for tubeless upper airway surgery in children. The technique was tested in a study involving 497 children and proved to be as effective as traditional methods, ensuring continuous oxygenation during procedures. These findings, published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, offer a significant advancement in pediatric anesthesia, providing anesthetists with a reliable alternative for airway management.

New Technique Detects Early Genetic Mutations with High Accuracy: Researchers at NYU Langone Health have developed a technique called HiDEF-seq, which can accurately detect early molecular changes in DNA that precede mutations. This method, detailed in Nature, identifies single-strand DNA changes before they become permanent mutations. The technique has significant implications for understanding how genetic mutations arise and could advance research on genetic diseases, including cancer.

Safer Virus Helps Eliminate Cancer in Mouse Study: Northwestern Medicine researchers have developed a weakened lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) that effectively eliminates cancer in mice, even those with suppressed immune systems. This virus, safe and effective, shrinks tumors and improves survival rates in various cancer models. Additionally, treated mice showed resistance to future tumor development, suggesting the therapy provides broader immune protection. Future trials aim to test the therapy on dogs and eventually humans.

ENVIRONMENT

Key Drivers of Plant Community Stability in Mongolian Grasslands Identified: A study by Yokohama National University and international collaborators has revealed critical factors influencing plant community stability in Mongolian grasslands amid climate change. Using an eight-year dataset, researchers found that aridity significantly reduces plant community stability. High biodiversity and synchrony between C3 and C4 plant species were identified as crucial for maintaining stability. The findings suggest that promoting diverse plant communities can enhance ecosystem resilience in drylands.

Bees More Vulnerable to Pesticides Due to Climate Change, Study Confirms: A study by CREAF and the Autonomous University of Barcelona reveals that climate change increases bees' sensitivity to pesticides. Warmer winters deplete bees' energy reserves, making them more susceptible to toxins and reducing their lifespan by up to 70%. The study highlights the need for revised pesticide regulations and emphasizes that climate change and pesticides' combined effects are devastating for bee populations, crucial pollinators in agriculture.

Water Conservation Strategies Essential for Western Agricultural Communities: Researchers at the Desert Research Institute emphasize the necessity for Western U.S. agricultural communities to adopt water conservation strategies in light of future water shortages due to climate change. The study highlights that increasing reservoir capacity alone will not suffice. Instead, adapting agricultural practices, such as changing crop types and reducing acreage, are more effective in managing water supply risks. These measures could restore up to 20% of reservoir capacity, offering a more sustainable solution.

Cocaine Trafficking Threatens Critical Bird Habitats, Study Reveals: A study led by Cornell University highlights how cocaine trafficking devastates critical habitats for migratory birds. The activities linked to drug trafficking, such as deforestation for landing strips and roads, jeopardize two-thirds of essential areas for forest birds. This includes habitats for species like the golden-cheeked warbler and golden-winged warbler. The study underscores the need for comprehensive strategies addressing both social and environmental issues.

NATURE

Ants Use Moonlight Polarization for Nocturnal Navigation: A study published in eLife reveals that nocturnal bull ants can detect low levels of polarized moonlight to navigate at night. Researchers found that these ants adjust their direction based on changes in lunar light polarization, even under minimal moonlight. This ability helps ants maintain navigation cues throughout the lunar cycle, using similar visual pathways as for polarized sunlight, enabling consistent navigation day and night.

Flowers Detect Bees Using Electric Signals: A study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that flowers can detect the electric fields generated by bees. This interaction enhances the plant-pollinator relationship, with flowers possibly using these signals to optimize their reproductive success by adjusting nectar production and timing of pollen release. Understanding this electrical communication provides new insights into the complex dynamics between plants and their pollinators.

Faster Evolution in Polyandrous Birds Compared to Monogamous Ones: A study by the University of Bath found that polyandrous shorebird species, where females mate with multiple males, evolve faster than monogamous species. This rapid evolution is particularly notable in the Z chromosome, driven by strong sexual selection. The research highlights how different mating systems can influence evolutionary rates and species adaptation.

Pacific Coast Gray Whales Shorten by 13% in Past 20–30 Years: A study by Oregon State University found that Pacific coast gray whales have decreased in body length by 13% over the last two to three decades. This decline, linked to changes in ocean climate and food availability, may impact whale health and reproduction, signaling broader ecological issues. The research highlights the critical role of balanced ocean conditions for sustaining whale populations.

Elevated Mercury Levels Found in Dolphins in Florida and Georgia: A recent study reveals high mercury levels in dolphins from estuaries in Florida and Georgia, with the highest concentrations in St. Joseph Bay. These findings, published in Toxics, indicate significant environmental and potential human health concerns due to dolphins' role as sentinel species. Mercury pollution primarily originates from industrial activities, and its accumulation can adversely affect marine mammals' health, highlighting the need for further investigation into mercury exposure risks for human populations in the region.

EDUCATION

On-Demand Courses Boost Revenue but Lower Engagement, Study Finds: A study by Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pennsylvania has revealed that on-demand online courses increase short-term revenue by doubling the percentage of paying users but reduce student engagement. The switch from scheduled to on-demand formats led to fewer completed lectures and poorer quiz performance. Researchers suggest balancing flexibility with structured options to maintain engagement and performance.

Scientists Help Students Overcome Research Experience Barrier with SkillsCenter: A study from the University of Colorado Boulder describes the SkillsCenter, a modular research skills training course that allows students to gain essential laboratory experience and micro-credentials. This initiative aims to address the Catch-22 of needing research experience to acquire research opportunities. Students can complete modules at their own pace, receive certificates, and enhance their resumes with verifiable skills, bridging the gap between classroom learning and research lab experience.

Norwegian Boys Show the Highest Dislike for School, Study Reveals: A study by SINTEF reveals that Norwegian boys, more than boys from Spain and Poland, dislike school and find it less fair compared to girls. The study highlights significant gender disparities, with Norwegian boys exhibiting negative perceptions of teachers and classmates and lower enjoyment of school. The findings suggest a need for targeted interventions to address these issues and improve the school experience for boys.

INDUSTRY NEWS

Flying Taxis to be Tested During Paris Olympics 2024: France's Transport Minister announced that "flying taxis," or large drones designed for passenger transport, will be tested during the 2024 Paris Olympics. These tests, involving the VoloCity air taxis, aim to explore their potential use as future ambulances or for other practical applications. However, their use will be limited and not available to the general public. The initiative faces regulatory challenges and environmental concerns, with local authorities expressing skepticism.

High-Power EV Charging Safety and Reliability Enhanced by New Profiles: The Next Generation Profiles project is advancing high-power electric vehicle (EV) charging technology to improve safety and reliability. This initiative focuses on creating robust charging systems that can handle increased power demands without compromising performance or user safety. The project aims to support the growing EV market by ensuring that high-power charging stations are efficient and dependable, ultimately facilitating faster and more convenient EV charging experiences.