Study Finds Increasing Plastic Particle Accumulation in Human Brains

Hello and welcome to our February 3rd edition. The STEAM Digest is a curated newsletter that brings you the latest news in science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics.

In today’s edition:

• Science - Tiny Traveling Sensors Revolutionize Chemical Mapping in Hard-to-Reach Systems, and more.

• Biotechnology & Biomedical Technology- "Living" Biomaterial Mimics Tissue Behavior for Regenerative Medicine and Soft Robotics, and more.

• Engineering & Technology - Copper ‘Nano-Flowers’ Enable Solar-Powered Clean Fuel Production, and more.

• Astronomy & Space - Earth’s Detectability to Alien Civilizations.

• Health & Medicine - Nanoparticle-Based, Wearable Sweat Sensors Enable Real-Time Health Monitoring, and more.

• Neuroscience - Study Finds Increasing Plastic Particle Accumulation in Human Brains, and more.

• Environment - New Study Reveals Underestimated Climate Effects of Urban Particle Formation.

• Nature - Apes Demonstrate Theory of Mind by Communicating Unknown Information, and more.

• Other Sciences & The Arts - Unraveling the Mystery of Rayleigh–Bloch Waves.

Until Tomorrow,

~The STEAM Digest

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SCIENCE

Tiny Traveling Sensors Revolutionize Chemical Mapping in Hard-to-Reach Systems: Researchers have developed time-aware particulate sensors (TAPS)—tiny, traveling sensors that can map chemical concentrations in fluid systems where stationary sensors are ineffective. These 100-micrometer-wide sensors track when they encounter target chemicals using memristors, converting time data into spatial information. Simulations show that when released in large numbers, these sensors can collectively map complex environments such as industrial pipelines or the human digestive system. The study also introduces an optimization framework to tailor sensor design for different applications. Future developments aim to improve 3D spatial resolution and enable sensor-to-sensor communication for even more precise chemical mapping.

Researchers Unlock Electrical Control of Chiral Polar Textures in Ferroelectric Nanostructures: A research team has demonstrated a method to stabilize and electrically manipulate chiral polar textures in BaTiO₃ nanoislands on silicon, a breakthrough for future nanoelectronic applications. The study reveals that these trapezoidal nanostructures (30–60 nm) exhibit stable polarization domains that can be reversibly switched by an external electric field. Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), the researchers observed a swirling vortex-like polarization pattern, indicative of chiral electromagnetic textures. These findings suggest a pathway for ultra-high-density data storage and energy-efficient transistors, marking a significant step toward the practical use of ferroelectric nanotechnology in electronics.

Scientists Develop Pyrochlore Magnet with Near-Zero Thermal Expansion: 
Most metals expand when heated, which can be problematic for many technical applications. While the alloy Invar, composed of iron and nickel, is known for its minimal thermal expansion, the exact mechanism behind this property was not fully understood. A collaboration between researchers from TU Wien (Vienna) and the University of Science and Technology Beijing has now provided a detailed explanation using computer simulations. Their findings have led to the development of a new material, a pyrochlore magnet, which has even lower thermal expansion than Invar over a broad temperature range. This material consists of zirconium, niobium, iron, and cobalt, and its unique atomic structure balances thermal expansion effects almost completely. The discovery could benefit industries requiring materials with stable dimensions, such as aerospace and precision electronics.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

"Living" Biomaterial Mimics Tissue Behavior for Regenerative Medicine and Soft Robotics: Researchers at Penn State have developed LivGels, a new biomaterial that mimics the dynamic properties of extracellular matrices (ECMs), crucial for tissue structure and cell function. This self-healing, acellular hydrogel overcomes previous limitations in synthetic materials by incorporating nanocomposite "hairy" nanoparticles that enable strain-stiffening and rapid recovery after damage. Made entirely from biological materials, LivGels offer promising applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug testing, 3D bioprinting, and soft robotics. The research team aims to further optimize LivGels for specific tissues, wearable devices, and implantable medical applications.

Kombucha-Derived Bioink Enables 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Repair: Researchers have developed a sustainable bioink using nanocellulose from Kombucha SCOBY for in vivo tissue engineering. The study introduces a digital biopen ("Biowork") that allows precise, on-site 3D bioprinting of bioink directly onto damaged tissues, irregular wounds, and cartilage defects without the need for in vitro tissue engineering. To enhance bioprintability and structural integrity, the researchers hydrolyzed nanocellulose and reinforced it with chitosan and kaolin nanoparticles. The biopen’s digitally controlled mixing system ensures uniform bioink application, making it ideal for emergency medicine and first-aid treatments.

Scientists Develop Nanotech ‘Delivery Vans’ to Transport Genetic Medicines: Researchers led by Roy van der Meel have developed a nanotransport system that uses the body’s own high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to deliver RNA-based genetic medicines with greater precision and fewer side effects. The aNP platform could revolutionize treatments for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections by enabling targeted immunotherapy. The technology has potential applications in CAR T-cell therapy, offering a more accessible and cost-effective alternative to traditional treatments like chemotherapy. In collaboration with TU/e, Radboudumc, and the Princess Máxima Center, the research team is also exploring its use for brain stem cancer treatment. While still in development, this innovation marks a major step toward personalized medicine and gene editing therapies.

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Copper ‘Nano-Flowers’ Enable Solar-Powered Clean Fuel Production: Researchers have developed an artificial leaf that uses copper nanoflowers and perovskite solar cells to convert carbon dioxide into complex hydrocarbons—all powered by sunlight. Unlike conventional catalysts that only produce single-carbon molecules, this system enables the formation of two-carbon hydrocarbons, such as ethane and ethylene, which are essential for fuels, chemicals, and plastics. By incorporating silicon nanowire electrodes, the researchers significantly improved efficiency—achieving 200 times better performance than previous CO₂ conversion methods. The process also generates valuable byproducts like glycerate and lactate, which are used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. While current hydrocarbon selectivity is around 10%, the team is working on optimizing catalyst design to enhance efficiency. This research marks a step toward a carbon-neutral economy, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel-derived hydrocarbons.

AI-Designed Self-Healing Asphalt Could Eliminate Potholes and Reduce Carbon Emissions: Researchers are developing self-healing asphalt made from biomass waste and designed using artificial intelligence (AI). This innovative material could significantly reduce pothole repairs, which cost the UK £143.5 million annually. The asphalt contains spores—tiny porous materials filled with recycled oils—that release upon cracking, allowing the material to self-repair in under an hour. AI-driven machine learning models and Google Cloud simulations have helped researchers understand bitumen oxidation and crack formation, accelerating the development of more durable and sustainable roads. By using biomass waste instead of petroleum-based materials, the research also supports the UK’s net-zero emissions goal by 2050. This breakthrough could improve global infrastructure while reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Researchers aim to integrate further bio-based solutions, including materials derived from algae and recycled tires, to enhance road durability and sustainability.

Dual-Mode Electrochemical Display Combines Luminescence and Coloration for Energy-Efficient Screens: Researchers have developed an innovative electrochemical display that combines luminescence and color-changing properties using low-voltage stimuli. The study introduces a clay-based system utilizing smectite, a layered clay compound that stabilizes key materials: europium(III) (Eu(III)) complexes for luminescence and heptyl viologen (HV²⁺) derivatives for color changes. When a −2.0 V bias voltage is applied, the device shifts between cyan coloration and luminescence quenching, demonstrating precise optical control. This energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technology has potential applications in reflective tablets, digital signage, and portable displays, offering improved visibility in both bright and dark conditions. Future research aims to enhance its versatility by incorporating additional materials for broader commercial use.

ASTRONOMY & SPACE

Earth’s Detectability to Alien Civilizations: A research team investigated how detectable Earth’s technosignatures—signals of human technology—would be to extraterrestrial observers. Using modeling techniques, they found that radio emissions, such as planetary radar signals, are the most detectable, potentially visible from 12,000 light-years away. Atmospheric pollutants, like nitrogen dioxide, could be identified up to 5.7 light-years away with advanced telescopes. Closer to Earth, city lights, satellites, and lasers further reveal human presence. This study helps refine SETI searches by providing a framework for understanding how alien civilizations might detect technological activity on other planets.

Newly Discovered Asteroid 2024 YR4 Has a 1-in-77 Chance of Hitting Earth in 2032: Astronomers have discovered asteroid 2024 YR4, which has a 1-in-77 chance of colliding with Earth on 22 December 2032. Estimated to be 40 to 100 meters wide, its impact—if it occurs—could cause devastation similar to the 1908 Tunguska event, leveling a city-sized area. Current tracking is uncertain, but further observations in 2028 will refine predictions. While asteroid impacts are inevitable, advances in planetary defense, such as NASA’s DART mission, offer hope for potential deflection strategies. Scientists emphasize that there is no need to panic, but continued monitoring is crucial.

HEALTH & MEDICINE

Nanoparticle-Based, Wearable Sweat Sensors Enable Real-Time Health Monitoring: Researchers have developed inkjet-printed nanoparticle-based wearable sensors that enable continuous, noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers in sweat and bodily fluids. The study describes core-shell cubic nanoparticles that act as artificial antibodies, selectively detecting molecules such as vitamins, hormones, metabolites, and medications. These sensors have been successfully tested for monitoring long COVID biomarkers and tracking chemotherapy drug levels in cancer patients at City of Hope. The technology allows for personalized medicine, ensuring optimal drug dosages and real-time health tracking. The stable nickel hexacyanoferrate core enables long-term monitoring, and multiple sensor "inks" can be combined in a single patch to track multiple health indicators simultaneously. The study also explores implantable sensors for precise drug level monitoring. This advancement brings personalized healthcare closer to reality.

Twin Pregnancies Double Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in First Year After Birth: A study found that mothers of twins face twice the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease within a year after childbirth compared to those with singleton pregnancies. The risk is even higher—over eight times greater—for twin pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders such as pre-eclampsia. Analyzing 36 million U.S. hospital deliveries from 2010 to 2020, researchers observed that while the cardiovascular risk for mothers of twins decreases over time, those with singleton pregnancies and high blood pressure conditions had a higher one-year mortality rate. Experts emphasize the importance of extended postpartum care for twin pregnancies, particularly for those with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors.

Omega-3 May Slow Biological Aging, Study Finds: A study suggests that consuming one gram of omega-3 per day may slow biological aging in older adults. Researchers analyzed data from 777 participants aged 70 and older in a three-year clinical trial in Switzerland, using epigenetic clocks to measure aging rates. Results showed that omega-3 consumption alone slowed biological aging by up to four months. However, when combined with vitamin D (2,000 IU daily) and regular exercise, the effects were even stronger, also reducing cancer risk and frailty. While the findings are promising, researchers acknowledge limitations, including the lack of a standardized measure of biological aging and the study’s focus on a Swiss population, which may not fully represent global demographics.

NEUROSCIENCE

Study Finds Increasing Plastic Particle Accumulation in Human Brains: A study suggests that micro- and nano-plastic particles accumulate at higher levels in the human brain than in the liver or kidneys, with concentrations rising significantly between 2016 and 2024. Researchers analyzed postmortem samples and found that plastic particles were present in all tissue types examined, but brain samples—particularly from the frontal cortex—contained substantially higher concentrations than other organs. The study also revealed that plastic levels in 2024 samples were significantly higher than those from 2016, with historical comparisons indicating a steady increase over time. Additionally, individuals diagnosed with dementia had higher plastic concentrations in their brains than those without. However, researchers emphasize that while an association has been observed, no direct causal link between plastic exposure and health effects has been established. Further long-term, large-scale studies are needed to assess the potential risks of increasing plastic accumulation in human tissues.

Study Reveals How the Brain Adapts Decision-Making to Different Contexts:
Researchers have uncovered how the brain flexibly adapts decision-making depending on the behavioral context. The study examined rhesus monkeys performing motor tasks under two different conditions: one requiring the application of a learned rule and another requiring adaptation to an altered sensory environment. Findings revealed that in rule-based decision-making, the brain reused existing neural pathways, while in sensory adaptation tasks, it developed new neural patterns to execute movements. This suggests that cognitive flexibility can emerge either through restructuring neural circuits or reusing pre-existing networks, depending on the complexity of the required adaptation. These insights help explain why some situations are easier to adapt to than others, with implications for understanding social decision-making and motor control in changing environments.

Study Reveals How the Hippocampus Coordinates Memory Formation and Retrieval: A study has unveiled how the hippocampus orchestrates multiple memory processes, including novelty encoding, memory formation, and retrieval. Using fMRI scans and advanced dimensionality reduction techniques, researchers analyzed brain activity while participants watched and recalled a movie. Findings showed that the hippocampus integrates different types of novelty (character co-occurrence and relationship changes) and aligns memory formation with novelty encoding. However, memory retrieval operates independently from novelty, suggesting distinct yet interconnected memory processes. This research provides deeper insights into how the hippocampus coordinates memory functions and interacts with the neocortex, advancing our understanding of human cognition.

ENVIRONMENT

New Study Reveals Underestimated Climate Effects of Urban Particle Formation:
A study highlights that new particles formed through atmospheric reactions in urban environments have been significantly underestimated in climate impact assessments. Using data from a 325-meter meteorological tower in Beijing, researchers found that particle formation is enhanced at higher altitudes, where sulfuric acid and humidity contribute to their growth. These new particles play a crucial role in cloud formation and local climate regulation, acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The study suggests their influence on CCN has been underestimated by 20%, underscoring the need for long-term vertical observations to fully grasp urban aerosol behavior. The findings emphasize the importance of considering vertical atmospheric dynamics in climate models and urban planning, helping cities develop more effective air pollution and climate mitigation strategies.

Biochar Offers Sustainable Solution for Phosphorus Recycling from Waste:
A new doctoral thesis explores how biochar can help recycle phosphorus from municipal sewage sludge and agricultural residues while reducing pollutants and heavy metals. Researcher Naeimeh Vali investigated how pyrolysis, a high-temperature process in an oxygen-free environment, can convert waste materials into nutrient-rich biochar. Findings show that biochar retains high carbon and phosphorus concentrations, making it a valuable soil improver or an industrial raw material. Additionally, combining sewage sludge with agricultural residues during pyrolysis enhances plant-available phosphorus while reducing heavy metals and organic pollutants. The study highlights pyrolysis and copyrolysis as effective methods for sustainable phosphorus recovery, aligning with ongoing EU regulations on wastewater treatment and providing a safer alternative for agricultural applications.

NATURE

Apes Demonstrate Theory of Mind by Communicating Unknown Information: 
A study has provided strong evidence that apes can recognize and respond to another's ignorance—an ability once thought to be uniquely human. In an experiment with bonobos, researchers observed that when a human partner did not know where a treat was hidden, the apes eagerly pointed to the correct location. However, when the human had already seen the hiding process, the apes remained passive. This behavior suggests that apes can track the knowledge gaps of others and communicate accordingly, an ability tied to the "theory of mind"—the cognitive skill that allows one to understand what others know or do not know. These findings deepen our understanding of primate cognition and suggest that such mental abilities evolved millions of years ago in our common ancestors. Future research will explore whether apes communicate not just to influence behavior but also to shape the beliefs of others.

Climate Change Weakens Growth and Reproduction of European Beech Trees:
A long-term study reveals a 28% decline in the growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) since 2005 due to climate-induced shifts in resource allocation. The study analyzed four decades of data and found that warmer temperatures cause beech trees to prioritize seed production over growth, even in regions unaffected by drought. However, this increased reproduction does not benefit the trees. A phenomenon called "masting breakdown" disrupts natural seed cycles, making more seeds available to predators while reducing viable seed dispersal. As a result, regeneration is threatened, and carbon sequestration declines, posing risks for Europe's beech forests. The findings highlight a previously overlooked impact of climate change on forests, with potential cascading effects on entire ecosystems.

Endangered Darwin’s Frogs Rescued and Bred at London Zoo: London Zoo has successfully bred 33 endangered Darwin’s frogs, marking a significant step in the fight to save the species from extinction. Native to the forests of southern Chile, Darwin’s frogs have suffered a 90% population decline due to the deadly chytrid fungus, which has devastated amphibian species worldwide. In October 2023, conservationists traveled to Chile to collect 52 healthy frogs, transporting them 7,000 miles to London in climate-controlled conditions. Among them, 11 male frogs carried tadpoles inside their vocal sacs, a unique reproductive strategy that allows the young to develop safely. The newly hatched froglets are now housed in specially designed tanks that mimic their natural habitat, with plans to establish a breeding program. The project not only aims to reintroduce frogs into the wild but also helps researchers combat chytrid fungus and protect other amphibians worldwide.

OTHER SCIENCES & THE ARTS

Unraveling the Mystery of Rayleigh–Bloch Waves: Mathematicians have experimentally confirmed a long-standing theoretical prediction about Rayleigh–Bloch waves. These waves, which can propagate along periodic structures like grids or pylons without energy loss, were previously thought to vanish above a specific cut-off frequency. However, isolated high frequencies where they reappear have puzzled scientists. The study confirms that above the cut-off, Rayleigh–Bloch waves transform into a "phantom" state, described mathematically using imaginary numbers. At certain high frequencies, the imaginary component diminishes, allowing the waves to re-emerge. This behavior was validated using an experimental setup resembling a large barbecue grill, where sound waves were analyzed along a structured grating. The findings improve the understanding of these potentially hazardous waves, which could threaten offshore structures. Additionally, they open possibilities for technological applications, such as efficient wave transmission for communication, akin to fiber optics.